{"id":268628,"date":"2023-12-21T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-21T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=268628"},"modified":"2023-12-15T09:23:54","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T08:23:54","slug":"empire-ottoman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/empire-ottoman\/","title":{"rendered":"Empire ottoman : de l\u2019essor au d\u00e9clin \ud83d\udca1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Si tu as choisi la sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 HGGSP au lyc\u00e9e, \u00e7a signifie que<strong> l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Empire ottoman<\/strong> ne t\u2019est pas inconnue. Pour autant, il n\u2019est pas toujours facile de comprendre cette le\u00e7on tant elle regroupe de notions diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que l&rsquo;Empire ottoman ? Quand a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9 ? Quelle est la cause de sa chute ? Ne t\u2019en fais pas, <strong>on te donne toutes les infos dans cette fiche de cours<\/strong> ! \u200b\ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lempire-ottoman-cest-quoi\">L&rsquo;Empire ottoman, c\u2019est quoi ?\u200b \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\ud83c\udfeb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"definition-et-origines\">D\u00e9finition et origines\u200b \ud83d\udd0e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On commence doucement avec une d\u00e9finition ! Selon le <em>Larousse<\/em>, l\u2019Empire ottoman d\u00e9signe <strong>\u00ab l\u2019ensemble des territoires sur lesquels le sultan ottoman a exerc\u00e9 son autorit\u00e9 \u00bb<\/strong> entre 1299 et 1923. Le terme \u00ab ottoman \u00bb vient de l\u2019arabe <em>utmani<\/em> d\u00e9riv\u00e9 de <em>utman, <\/em>en turc Osman, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au fondateur de la dynastie ottomane et sultan de 1281 \u00e0 1326. Cet empire est aussi connu comme l&rsquo;Empire turc !&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1012\" height=\"846\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png\" alt=\"carte empire ottoman\" class=\"wp-image-268629\" style=\"width:563px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=1012 1012w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=300 300w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=768 768w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=150 150w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=325 325w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=288 288w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=444 444w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=265 265w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Ottoman_1590.png?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=60 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1012px) 100vw, 1012px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u00c0 la fin du XIIIe si\u00e8cle, l\u2019Empire ottoman se forme avec la prise de Mocad\u00e8ne (l\u2019actuelle ville de Bilecik \u200b\ud83d\ude09). C\u2019est le chef tribal oghouze <strong>Osman I\u1d49\u02b3 qui le fonde au nord-ouest de l&rsquo;Anatolie<\/strong>, sur les d\u00e9pouilles de l&rsquo;Empire byzantin et de l&rsquo;\u00c9tat seldjoukide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd0e Zoom sur les termes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Oghouzes : <\/strong>consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme les anc\u00eatres des Turcs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anatolie : <\/strong>mot utilis\u00e9 depuis le Xe si\u00e8cle comme synonyme d&rsquo;Asie Mineure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seldjoukides :<\/strong> issus de la tribu turque oghouze des K\u0131n\u0131k.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200bAu XVIIe si\u00e8cle, on consid\u00e8re d\u2019ailleurs que l\u2019Empire ottoman<strong> poss\u00e8de une superficie d&rsquo;environ 5 200 000 km\u00b2<\/strong>. C\u2019est presque quarante fois celle de l\u2019Angleterre (\ud83d\ude31). Ce chiffre s\u2019explique notamment par une chose : les conqu\u00eates. Mais \u00e7a, on t\u2019en parle juste apr\u00e8s !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-6.jpg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-6.jpg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-6.jpg\"\n                                    alt=\"Personne qui donne des cours particuliers\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Besoin d&rsquo;un coup de main avec tes cours d&rsquo;histoire ? Prends un prof particulier !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Choisis ton prof !\n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"les-premieres-conquetes\">Les premi\u00e8res conqu\u00eates \u2694\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Revenons quelques si\u00e8cles en arri\u00e8re ! Le 26 ao\u00fbt 1071, le deuxi\u00e8me sultan des Seldjoukides, <strong>Alp Arslan, m\u00e8ne ses troupes \u00e0 Manzikert<\/strong>, une localit\u00e9 d&rsquo;Anatolie orientale.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/fLcfGLzj4aeaMIqbex\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"un guerrier qui crie fort au milieu du champs de bataille\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 \u00c0 l&rsquo;issue de cette bataille, l\u2019arm\u00e9e byzantine, dirig\u00e9e par l&#8217;empereur Romain IV Diog\u00e8ne, est vaincue. Cette victoire marque <strong>un tournant dans l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Asie Mineure<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>l\u2019empereur est fait prisonnier,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les luttes pour le pouvoir imp\u00e9rial \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/constantinople\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"253362\">Constantinople<\/a> se multiplient,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les tribus nomades turcs s\u2019installent en Asie Mineure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udccd<strong> Note : <\/strong>lorsqu\u2019on te parle d\u2019Asie Mineure, on fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la pointe occidentale de l&rsquo;Asie, comprise entre la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e orientale, la mer \u00c9g\u00e9e et la mer Noire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les ann\u00e9es qui suivent la bataille de Manzikert sont b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques pour les Seldjoukides. En perdant, <strong>les Byzantins ont ouvert la voie \u00e0 leur conqu\u00eate<\/strong> et \u00e0 leur colonisation, ce qui a renforc\u00e9 l\u2019influence des Seldjoukides. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tu suis toujours ? Sinon, pour te simplifier les choses, prends un <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\/online\">prof particulier d&rsquo;histoire en ligne<\/a> !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Pour rappel<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Lorsque<a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/empire-romain-monde-antique\/\"><strong> l\u2019Empire romain<\/strong><\/a> devient trop grand pour \u00eatre gouvern\u00e9 efficacement, il finit par se diviser en deux en 295, cr\u00e9ant <strong>l\u2019Empire romain d\u2019Occident et l\u2019Empire romain d\u2019Orient (ou de l\u2019Est).<\/strong> Le premier dispara\u00eet en 476, mais le second subsiste et prend le nom de l\u2019Empire byzantin en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 Byzance, l\u2019ancien nom de Constantinople.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #2 = CPG2\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    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    <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Nicolas2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Nicolas<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">CentraleSup\u00e9lec<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&rsquo;un prof particulier ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 9b5ed38b-ea2e-4d3c-a3bb-f0091c2eedd2 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont l\u00e0 pour t&rsquo;aider \u00e0 progresser !<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- notionvc: 20490bdd-6579-484b-9d99-0ff0bc1aa8e7 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"les-ottomans-semparent-de-byzance\">Les Ottomans s\u2019emparent de Byzance \ud83d\udcab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s plusieurs conqu\u00eates et pertes territoriales, <strong>les Seldjoukides s\u2019emparent de l\u2019Asie Mineure<\/strong> et \u00e9tendent leur \u00c9tat. Cela a pris peu de temps et les conqu\u00eates s\u2019encha\u00eenaient rapidement. Au XVe si\u00e8cle, Osman Ier d\u00e9tient une puissance politique majeure, notamment suite \u00e0 la chute de :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Brousse (1326),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Nic\u00e9e (1331),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Karesi (1334- 1335),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Nicom\u00e9d\u00e9e (1337),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc la Serbie (1371-1375),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc le Kosovo (1389),&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc la Bulgarie (1396).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les si\u00e8cles suivants, d\u2019autres <strong>territoires sont acquis par les Turcs<\/strong> dont la Bosnie (1462), la Syrie et l\u2019\u00c9gypte (1516-1518), Chypre (1570-1571), Tunis (1574), etc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est lors de<strong> la conqu\u00eate de Constantinople le 29 mai 1453<\/strong> par Mehmed II que l\u2019Empire atteint son sommet. Si tu veux, cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement marque un point cl\u00e9 pour <strong>les Ottomans qui ont pu faire de Byzance un empire d\u00e9fait. <\/strong>Alors, le premier sultan ottoman \u00e0 \u00eatre officiellement qualifi\u00e9 d\u2019empereur est Mehmed II qu\u2019on appelle aussi Mehmed \u00ab le Conqu\u00e9rant \u00bb.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83c\udf1f Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Bien que <strong>Mehmed le Conqu\u00e9rant soit le premier empereur ottoman,<\/strong> S\u00fcleyman le Magnifique reste le sultan qui a \u00e9tabli le mod\u00e8le imp\u00e9rial ottoman. La fin de son r\u00e8gne en 1566 marque une p\u00e9riode de stagnation et, par la suite, celle du d\u00e9clin.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lapogee-de-lempire-ottoman\">L\u2019apog\u00e9e de l\u2019Empire ottoman \ud83d\udc51<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Avec<strong> la prise de Constantinople,<\/strong> rebaptis\u00e9e Istanbul en 1453, l\u2019Empire ottoman devient donc de plus en plus puissant, avec <strong>une arm\u00e9e organis\u00e9e et une administration rigoureuse.<\/strong> Aux XVe et XVIe si\u00e8cles, l\u2019empire s\u2019\u00e9tend jusqu\u2019en Europe centrale et au Maghreb d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9 et \u00e0 la M\u00e9sopotamie et aux rives de la mer Caspienne de l\u2019autre. Au sud, il y a sous le contr\u00f4le du sultan l\u2019actuelle \u00c9gypte et les rives de la mer Rouge. \ud83c\udf0a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette \u00e9tendue signifie que <strong>diff\u00e9rents peuples font partie de cet \u00e9norme empire : <\/strong>des Grecs, des Persans, des Turcs, des Arabes, des Slaves, etc. Le sultan ne leur impose pas de rejoindre l\u2019Islam et on constate ce fait lorsque <strong>les juifs, alors pers\u00e9cut\u00e9s par la chr\u00e9tient\u00e9, sont accueillis dans l\u2019empire.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #1 = CPG1\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n              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                     style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">18\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Margot2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Margot<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Arts et M\u00e9tiers ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">22\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Agathe2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Agathe<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n               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                                      <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier cours particulier est offert ! <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><!-- notionvc: 91b6b7d7-50f2-46f4-ae1f-ecbabe834aad --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles et universit\u00e9s.<!-- notionvc: 21bb66b6-b36d-4ce8-8950-173722d75a1e --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: #ffffff; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&rsquo;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"un-empire-europeen-musulman\">Un empire europ\u00e9en musulman ? \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La disparition de Byzance et la prise de Constantinople marquent <strong>la fin d\u2019une p\u00e9riode historique europ\u00e9enne assez importante, <\/strong>celle de l\u2019Empire romain. En revanche, celles-ci font de l\u2019\u00c9tat ottoman un empire europ\u00e9en :<strong> la Roum\u00e9lie (pays des Romains) devient le centre de l\u2019empire.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La conqu\u00eate de Constantinople a <strong>propuls\u00e9 les Ottomans musulmans au rang de grandes puissances en Europe, <\/strong>qui \u00e9tait alors bien morcel\u00e9e. Mais voil\u00e0, cette nouvelle situation, un peu \u00e9loign\u00e9e, mais en m\u00eame temps en harmonie avec l&rsquo;Europe chr\u00e9tienne, marque aussi <strong>un changement par rapport \u00e0 leur h\u00e9ritage seldjoukide<\/strong> et \u00e0 la tradition imp\u00e9riale musulmane.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Pour te situer dans le contexte, les puissances musulmanes avaient l&rsquo;habitude de <strong>commercer et d&rsquo;avoir des relations avec l&rsquo;Europe chr\u00e9tienne,<\/strong> surtout autour de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. M\u00eame lorsque les catholiques ont repris l&rsquo;Espagne, \u00e7a n&rsquo;a pas vraiment chang\u00e9 ces relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce qui rend la situation ottomane sp\u00e9ciale, c&rsquo;est que la mer \u00c9g\u00e9e et l&rsquo;Adriatique, deux mers compl\u00e8tement europ\u00e9ennes, sont<strong> devenues les portes d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e pour une puissance musulmane vers la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. <\/strong>En plus, il y a beaucoup de non-musulmans dans ce nouvel \u00c9tat, ce qui en fait tout de suite un endroit o\u00f9 cohabitent diff\u00e9rentes religions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vers 1550, <strong>les diff\u00e9rentes communaut\u00e9s de l&#8217;empire ont un peu fusionn\u00e9 pour cr\u00e9er une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 complexe,<\/strong> influenc\u00e9e \u00e0 la fois par l&rsquo;Europe et un Moyen-Orient largement islamis\u00e9. Mais m\u00eame avec cette fusion, c&rsquo;est <strong>difficile de dire que cette nouvelle soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tait vraiment \u00ab islamique \u00bb<\/strong> comme les grands empires musulmans du pass\u00e9, parce que les fronti\u00e8res entre les diff\u00e9rentes croyances \u00e9taient toujours pr\u00e9sentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vers-un-empire-musulman\">Vers un empire musulman \u262a\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir grandi en tant que puissance, <strong>les Ottomans se tournent vers l&rsquo;Est et le Sud.<\/strong> Ils commencent par conqu\u00e9rir la derni\u00e8re principaut\u00e9 byzantine de Tr\u00e9bizonde en 1461, puis s&rsquo;attaquent \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres r\u00e9gions turques. Ces conqu\u00eates, plus difficiles que celle de Byzance, <strong>se terminent en 1487 avec la chute de la r\u00e9gion du Karamanl\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces nouvelles conqu\u00eates sur des terres turcomanes sont diff\u00e9rentes des conflits pass\u00e9s. <strong>Elles sont imp\u00e9riales,<\/strong> contribuant \u00e0 restaurer l&rsquo;ancienne unit\u00e9 territoriale byzantine. En tant que puissance musulmane, <strong>les Ottomans concr\u00e9tisent cette expansion en conqu\u00e9rant des villes importantes <\/strong>comme Damas, Bagdad et, en 1517, Le Caire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette expansion met en lumi\u00e8re<strong> la forte influence religieuse de l&rsquo;Empire ottoman.<\/strong> Ils imposent le sunnisme sur le chiisme. Ainsi, les Ottomans, devenus un empire musulman, <strong>affirment une double l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9.<\/strong> Ils se voient comme un empire universel dans le temps et l&rsquo;espace, tout en repr\u00e9sentant la <em>dar al-islam<\/em> (\u00ab maison de l&rsquo;islam \u00bb) en tant que puissance musulmane.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>D\u00e9couvre notre article sur <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/turquie-puissance-mondiale\/\">la Turquie : une puissance mondiale entre 3 mondes<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pourquoi-lempire-ottoman-a-t-il-dure-si-longtemps\">Pourquoi l&rsquo;Empire ottoman a-t-il dur\u00e9 si longtemps ? \u23f3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;Empire ottoman, connu pour sa long\u00e9vit\u00e9, ne doit pas sa survie au hasard. <strong>Des changements strat\u00e9giques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 instaur\u00e9s, <\/strong>notamment dans l&rsquo;organisation politique et la vision dynastique. En voici quelques-uns :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2705 \u00c9volution politique et r\u00e9volution bureaucratique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La transition de la \u00ab maison d&rsquo;Osman \u00bb vers une dynastie a provoqu\u00e9 une s\u00e9paration entre le pouvoir central et les <em>beys<\/em> subordonn\u00e9s. Malgr\u00e9 des contestations, cette division a conduit \u00e0 un \u00c9tat impersonnel soutenu par une bureaucratie militaire et civile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<strong> Strat\u00e9gie face aux dynamiques tribales<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anticipant les d\u00e9fis des dynamiques tribales, l&rsquo;Empire ottoman a investi dans la diffusion d&rsquo;une \u00ab culture urbaine \u00bb pour contrer les influences tribales persistantes dans les r\u00e9gions rurales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 <strong>Uniformisation de l&rsquo;espace urbain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00c9tat ottoman a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 standardiser l&rsquo;espace urbain en utilisant l&rsquo;architecture religieuse, profane, et les \u00e9coles (<em>medrese<\/em>). L&rsquo;innovation majeure r\u00e9side dans l&rsquo;extension de ce mod\u00e8le urbain dans des r\u00e9gions \u00e9loign\u00e9es, cr\u00e9ant des microcosmes ottomans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 <strong>Universalisation par la colonisation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;expansion ottomane a impliqu\u00e9 une double colonisation, celle des populations et des modes de vie. Les territoires conquis sont devenus de v\u00e9ritables microcosmes ottomans, avec une colonisation dense des villages et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration des non-musulmans sous de nouvelles normes.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #3 = CPG3\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin de cours particuliers ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 27874cb7-7cca-4c68-a2e3-ea8000cbb55b --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #48b378;\">4 points<\/span> de plus sur ta <span style=\"color: #48b378;\">moyenne<\/span> avec nos profs Sherpas ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83d\udcc8\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"organisation-de-lempire\">Organisation de l\u2019empire \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;Empire Ottoman, malgr\u00e9 son apparence de monarchie absolue et th\u00e9ocratique, a en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me plus complexe. Le pouvoir, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par l&#8217;empereur ou le padischah, est soutenu par une organisation assez particuli\u00e8re. On t\u2019explique tout \u00e7a !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Le souverain et ses conseillers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc L&#8217;empereur, \u00e9galement sultan, calife et commandeur des croyants, exerce un pouvoir civil et religieux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Assist\u00e9 du grand vizir (<em>Sadr<\/em> <em>Azam<\/em>) en affaires civiles et du <em>Cheikh ul-Islam<\/em> (\u00e9rudit musulman) en mati\u00e8res religieuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc La Sublime Porte, compos\u00e9e de ministres (<em>muchirs<\/em>) et dirig\u00e9e par le grand vizir, agit comme la cour imp\u00e9riale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;administration territoriale<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc L&rsquo;Empire est divis\u00e9 en <em>eyalets<\/em> (provinces), <em>livahs<\/em> (districts), et <em>cazas<\/em> (arrondissement), chacun dirig\u00e9 par un <em>vali<\/em> (gouverneur), <em>ka\u00efmacan<\/em> (lieutenant) et <em>mudir<\/em> (chef de district) respectivement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Les tribunaux (<em>soudours<\/em>) et les juges (<em>mollahs<\/em> et <em>cadis<\/em>) sont charg\u00e9s de la justice, bien que leur influence soit limit\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Le s\u00e9rail<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le s\u00e9rail, r\u00e9sidence imp\u00e9riale, abrite un personnel recrut\u00e9 d\u00e8s l&rsquo;enfance parmi des captifs. Eunuques et femmes y sont aussi pr\u00e9sents. Les femmes du s\u00e9rail sont class\u00e9es en <em>cadines<\/em> (\u00e9pouses officielles), <em>gu\u00e9diklis<\/em> (dipl\u00f4m\u00e9es), <em>oustas<\/em> (ma\u00eetresses ouvri\u00e8res), <em>chaguirds<\/em> (novices), et <em>djari\u00e9<\/em> (esclaves), chacune ayant un r\u00f4le sp\u00e9cifique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;arm\u00e9e et le clerg\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;arm\u00e9e, compos\u00e9e de janissaires, Spahis, Serragis, et d&rsquo;autres, est r\u00e9partie en <em>ordous<\/em> (circonscriptions militaires). Le clerg\u00e9, <em>ul\u00e9ma<\/em>, est dirig\u00e9 par le <em>Cheikh ul-Islam<\/em>, grand mufti (savant) de l&rsquo;Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La l\u00e9gislation et les <\/strong><strong><em>Tanzimat<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La loi canonique, <em>chariah<\/em>, \u00e9tait la base l\u00e9gislative, mais des codes, comme le <em>Kanoun-nam\u00e8<\/em>, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 introduits par Soliman le L\u00e9gislateur. Les <em>Tanzimat<\/em>, r\u00e9formes du XIXe si\u00e8cle, ont amen\u00e9 une nouvelle constitution en 1876 et ont instaur\u00e9 l&rsquo;inviolabilit\u00e9 de la libert\u00e9 individuelle et d&rsquo;autres principes modernes. Des codes d&rsquo;instruction criminelle, de proc\u00e9dure civile, et d&rsquo;autres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 introduits pour moderniser la l\u00e9gislation ottomane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"un-pouvoir-qui-sadapte\">Un pouvoir qui s\u2019adapte \u2611\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le pouvoir central de<strong> l&rsquo;Empire ottoman sait s&rsquo;adapter aux diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9alit\u00e9s <\/strong>de son immense territoire, qui va de l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte \u00e0 la Hongrie d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui. M\u00eame si la base du droit reste la loi coranique, <strong>elle peut \u00eatre ajust\u00e9e pour prendre en compte des situations locales sp\u00e9cifiques,<\/strong> comme le droit minier dans les Balkans. Les non-musulmans, tels que les chr\u00e9tiens et les juifs (surtout apr\u00e8s leur expulsion d&rsquo;Espagne), ont <strong>le droit de vivre selon leurs propres lois, <\/strong>m\u00eame s&rsquo;ils sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des sujets de second ordre.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Par exemple, <strong>le patriarcat grec orthodoxe a \u00e9t\u00e9 officiellement reconnu<\/strong> \u00e0 Constantinople en 1454. Mehmed II et Bayezid II, dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XVe si\u00e8cle, ont m\u00eame cr\u00e9\u00e9 <strong>des codes de lois coutumi\u00e8res, <\/strong>montrant ainsi que le pouvoir central \u00e9tait pratique et flexible. L&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 sur les provinces est souvent le r\u00e9sultat de n\u00e9gociations avec les \u00e9lites locales, qui sont souvent chr\u00e9tiennes et qui contribuent \u00e0 l&rsquo;administration centrale.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>Apprends tout sur <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/les-guerres-du-golfe\/\">les guerres du Golfe (1980 &#8211; 2011)<\/a> \ud83e\ude96<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"declin-de-lempire-ottoman-%e2%a4%b5\">D\u00e9clin de l&rsquo;Empire ottoman \u2935\ufe0f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;Empire ottoman, jadis puissant, a connu <strong>un d\u00e9clin progressif au fil des si\u00e8cles.<\/strong> Des revers militaires, des r\u00e9voltes internes et des pertes territoriales ont marqu\u00e9 cette p\u00e9riode.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"perte-dinfluence-au-xvie-siecle\">Perte d&rsquo;influence au XVIe si\u00e8cle \u274c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1571, lors de la bataille navale de L\u00e9pante en Gr\u00e8ce,<strong> les arm\u00e9es ottomanes subissent une d\u00e9faite face \u00e0 la Sainte Ligue<\/strong> (Espagne, Venise, G\u00eanes, \u00c9tats du Pape). Cette bataille stoppe l&rsquo;expansion ottomane en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et affaiblit l&#8217;empire. Au d\u00e9but du XVIIe si\u00e8cle, le sultan <strong>Ahmet Ier doit faire face \u00e0 des r\u00e9voltes internes<\/strong>, et en 1622, son successeur Osman II est assassin\u00e9 par les janissaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pertes-territoriales-au-xixe-siecle\">Pertes territoriales au XIXe si\u00e8cle \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le d\u00e9clin s&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e8re au XIXe si\u00e8cle.<strong> L&rsquo;Empire Ottoman perd plusieurs territoires au profit des puissances chr\u00e9tiennes : <\/strong>la Gr\u00e8ce devient ind\u00e9pendante en 1830, <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/guerre-d-algerie\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"245014\">la France colonise l&rsquo;Alg\u00e9rie<\/a> \u00e0 partir de la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, et l&rsquo;\u00c9gypte gagne en autonomie en 1840. <strong>\u00c0 la fin du si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;Empire est lourdement endett\u00e9<\/strong> et a du mal \u00e0 contrer l&rsquo;ing\u00e9rence des puissances occidentales.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entre 1875 et 1878, une crise importante \u00e9clate, conduisant \u00e0 <strong>la signature du trait\u00e9 de Berlin en 1878,<\/strong> qui consacre l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de plusieurs r\u00e9gions aux d\u00e9pens de l&rsquo;Empire ottoman. C\u2019est \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque-l\u00e0 qu\u2019on commence \u00e0 utiliser <strong>la m\u00e9taphore de \u00ab l\u2019homme malade \u00bb pour d\u00e9signer l\u2019empire affaibli.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83c\udf1f Le trait\u00e9 de Berlin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong>Le trait\u00e9 de Berlin,<\/strong> sign\u00e9 en 1878, a redessin\u00e9 les fronti\u00e8res en Europe de l&rsquo;Est apr\u00e8s la guerre russo-turque et a entra\u00een\u00e9 l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de plusieurs pays des Balkans et imposant des r\u00e9parations \u00e0 l&rsquo;Empire ottoman.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"premiere-guerre-mondiale-et-effondrement-final\">Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale et effondrement final \ud83e\ude96<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lors du d\u00e9but de la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-premiere-guerre-mondiale\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"232347\">Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale<\/a> en 1914, <strong>l&rsquo;Empire Ottoman est isol\u00e9 et affaibli sur la sc\u00e8ne internationale. <\/strong>Les puissances europ\u00e9ennes cherchent \u00e0 tirer avantage de la situation, et les Ottomans, isol\u00e9s, forment une alliance avec l&rsquo;Allemagne en 1914. Cependant, <strong>leur participation \u00e0 la guerre est marqu\u00e9e par des \u00e9checs<\/strong> et des r\u00e9voltes internes, comme la Grande r\u00e9volte arabe en 1916, soutenue par le Royaume-Uni et la France.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Pendant la guerre, <strong>le gouvernement ottoman, dirig\u00e9 par le parti des Jeunes-Turcs,<\/strong> adopte une politique panturque visant \u00e0 unifier les peuples turcophones. Cette p\u00e9riode est \u00e9galement marqu\u00e9e par le g\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien entre 1915 et 1916, causant la mort de plus d&rsquo;1,2 million de personnes.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>En 1916, la France et le Royaume-Uni signent les accords secrets de Sykes-Picot <\/strong>afin de planifier le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l&rsquo;Empire ottoman. En 1920, le trait\u00e9 de S\u00e8vres est sign\u00e9 par les Alli\u00e9s, entra\u00eenant d&rsquo;importantes pertes territoriales pour l&rsquo;Empire. Cependant, <strong>ce trait\u00e9 est rejet\u00e9 par les Ottomans, menant \u00e0 la proclamation de la R\u00e9publique turque en 1923, <\/strong>n\u00e9goci\u00e9e plus favorablement par Mustafa Kemal, \u00e9galement connu sous le nom d&rsquo;Atat\u00fcrk, le P\u00e8re des Turcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C&rsquo;est ainsi que <strong>l&rsquo;homme malade de l&rsquo;Europe a vu son histoire mill\u00e9naire prendre fin,<\/strong> laissant place \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de la R\u00e9publique turque et mettant un terme \u00e0 la longue histoire imp\u00e9riale des Ottomans. Et si tu veux en savoir plus sur le sujet, prends contact avec un <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\">prof particulier d\u2019histoire<\/a> qui te fera d\u00e9couvrir tous les secrets derri\u00e8re la Sublime Porte. \u2728<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;268628&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;6&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (6 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Empire ottoman : de l\u2019essor au d\u00e9clin \ud83d\udca1&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (6 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si tu as choisi la sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 HGGSP au lyc\u00e9e, \u00e7a signifie que l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Empire ottoman ne t\u2019est (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":334,"featured_media":268630,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,821],"tag":[399,375,782],"class_list":["post-268628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-histoire","tag-moyen-orient","tag-politique","tag-premiere-guerre-mondiale"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/334"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=268628"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/268628\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/268630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=268628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=268628"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=268628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}