{"id":267897,"date":"2024-02-20T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-20T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=267897"},"modified":"2024-02-16T14:15:13","modified_gmt":"2024-02-16T13:15:13","slug":"france-afrique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/france-afrique\/","title":{"rendered":"Fran\u00e7afrique : un mariage compliqu\u00e9 \u2764\u200d\ud83e\ude79"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Entre la France et l\u2019Afrique, <\/strong>il y a une grande histoire ! Mais tu t\u2019en doutes bien, elle reste tr\u00e8s complexe. C\u2019est bien normal puisque la relation entre les deux est tout d\u2019abord celle de colonisateur-colonis\u00e9, mais elle ne se r\u00e9sume pas \u00e0 \u00e7a\u2026 Plus tard, elle devient une relation d\u2019amiti\u00e9 ou m\u00eame d\u2019amour, selon certains. Aujourd\u2019hui, on te parle de <strong>la France-Afrique, en plus court, la Fran\u00e7afrique. <\/strong>\u00c7a te dit quelque chose ? Non ? Eh bien, tu es au bon endroit. Pr\u00eat ? <em>Let\u2019s go! <\/em>\ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>Entre <span style=\"color: #800080\">la France et l\u2019Afrique<\/span>, ce doit \u00eatre une <span style=\"color: #800080\">histoire d\u2019amour.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Emmanuel Macron<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Jeune Afrique en novembre 2020<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/geopolitique\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-7-e1719914849200.jpg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-7-e1719914849200.jpg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-7-e1719914849200.jpg\"\n                                    alt=\"Personne qui donne des cours particuliers\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Si tu veux progresser dans tes cours de g\u00e9opolitique, prends un prof particulier !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Trouve ton prof !\n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"contexte-historique\">Contexte historique \ud83c\udf10<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Au XVIe si\u00e8cle, l&rsquo;Europe se met \u00e0 conqu\u00e9rir des terres \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/strong> Les puissances europ\u00e9ennes s&rsquo;\u00e9tendent vers l&rsquo;Afrique et les Am\u00e9riques et privent les peuples locaux de leurs terres, de leurs cultures et de leurs moyens de subsistance. Les cons\u00e9quences sont d\u00e9vastatrices, avec extermination, viol et pillage. <strong>Des millions d&rsquo;Africains sont forc\u00e9s \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/commerce-triangulaire\/\">traverser l&rsquo;Atlantique<\/a><\/strong> pour devenir esclaves aux Am\u00e9riques et dans les Cara\u00efbes, exploit\u00e9s principalement dans les plantations de sucre. \ud83c\udf3e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Au cours des si\u00e8cles suivants, cette qu\u00eate coloniale permet aux Europ\u00e9ens de <strong>construire d&rsquo;immenses empires et d&rsquo;\u00e9tablir des colonies \u00e0 travers le monde entier. <\/strong>Le pacte colonial de Colbert en 1664 oblige les colonies \u00e0 commercer exclusivement avec la France. Cela enrichit le pays, les entreprises commerciales et les marchands de villes comme Nantes, Bordeaux et La Rochelle. \ud83d\udea2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Mais \u00e7a, ce n&rsquo;est que le d\u00e9but. Cet h\u00e9ritage colonial jette les bases de<strong> la relation complexe entre la France et l&rsquo;Afrique, <\/strong>une histoire qui a des r\u00e9percussions profondes et qui continue de fa\u00e7onner les liens entre ces deux continents.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Voici une carte qui te montre<strong> les anciennes colonies fran\u00e7aises du XIXe au XXe si\u00e8cle. <\/strong>Certaines ont obtenu leur ind\u00e9pendance plus t\u00f4t que d\u2019autres, par exemple, le Maroc s\u2019est d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ind\u00e9pendant en 1956, six ans avant que l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie devienne libre.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1866\" height=\"1920\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?func=bound&amp;w=1024&amp;h=1024\" alt=\"Carte des anciennes colonies fran\u00e7aises\" class=\"wp-image-267910\" style=\"width:423px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=1866 1866w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=292 292w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=995 995w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=768 768w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=1493 1493w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=121 121w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=264 264w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=288 288w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=361 361w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=265 265w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/r_Carte_des_anciennes_colonies_fran_aises_du_XIXe_au_XXe_si_cle.webp?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=58 58w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1866px) 100vw, 1866px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #1 = CPG1\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                    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                                 <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">18\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Margot2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Margot<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Arts et M\u00e9tiers ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                         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class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">22\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            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                  <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                          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<div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier cours particulier est offert ! <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><!-- notionvc: 91b6b7d7-50f2-46f4-ae1f-ecbabe834aad --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles et universit\u00e9s.<!-- notionvc: 21bb66b6-b36d-4ce8-8950-173722d75a1e --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: #ffffff; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&rsquo;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"un-colonialisme-militaire-politique-et-ideologique\">Un colonialisme militaire, politique et id\u00e9ologique \ud83e\ude96<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Derri\u00e8re la conqu\u00eate des terres se cache <strong>une id\u00e9ologie coloniale qui a \u00e9volu\u00e9 de la religion \u00e0 la science. <\/strong>C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019on justifiait les conqu\u00eates des terres par des raisons religieuses devenues plus tard scientifiques. Au XIXe si\u00e8cle, <strong>des th\u00e9oriciens pr\u00e9tendaient que les diff\u00e9rences raciales <\/strong>\u00e9taient des faits biologiques incontestables afin de justifier l&rsquo;expansion coloniale au nom des \u00ab races sup\u00e9rieures \u00bb civilisant les \u00ab races inf\u00e9rieures \u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jules Ferry d\u00e9fendait le devoir de \u00ab civiliser \u00bb et m\u00eame si cette id\u00e9ologie coloniale fait partie du pass\u00e9, elle a laiss\u00e9 des traces parmi certains dirigeants. Voici deux extraits sur le sujet de l&rsquo;Afrique, \u00e9loign\u00e9s dans le temps, mais pourtant tr\u00e8s semblables, tir\u00e9s des discours respectifs du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de <strong>Gaulle \u00e0 Bordeaux en 1947 et de l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident Nicolas Sarkozy <\/strong>\u00e0 Dakar en 2007 :\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u00ab Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 nous, des peuples de toutes races humaines, nagu\u00e8re plong\u00e9s pour la plupart dans cette torpeur mill\u00e9naire o\u00f9 l\u2019histoire ne s\u2019\u00e9crit m\u00eame pas, d\u00e9couvraient \u00e0 leur tour la libert\u00e9, le progr\u00e8s, la justice \u00bb<\/em>. Charles de Gaulle (1947)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>\u00ab Le drame de l\u2019Afrique, c\u2019est que l\u2019homme africain n\u2019est pas assez entr\u00e9 dans l\u2019Histoire. Pour le&nbsp; paysan africain qui depuis des mill\u00e9naires vit avec les saisons et v\u00e9g\u00e8te dans l\u2019\u00e9ternel recommencement du temps, il n\u2019y a de place ni pour l\u2019aventure humaine, ni pour l\u2019id\u00e9e de progr\u00e8s \u00bb<\/em>. Nicolas Sarcozy (2007)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>D\u00e9couvre notre article sur <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/fin-de-la-colonisation\/\">la fin de la colonisation fran\u00e7aise<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"larrivee-du-neocolonialisme\">L\u2019arriv\u00e9e du n\u00e9ocolonialisme \ud83d\udcab<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Le n\u00e9ocolonialisme, <\/strong>c&rsquo;est un peu comme le colonialisme, mais avec une approche plus discr\u00e8te et \u00e9conomique. Au lieu de contr\u00f4ler directement les territoires conquis, on se concentre sur le contr\u00f4le des ressources importantes de ces territoires. \ud83d\udccc<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;id\u00e9e du n\u00e9ocolonialisme est n\u00e9e <\/strong>en opposition au co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 du colonialisme traditionnel. Eh oui, \u00e7a co\u00fbtait cher les colonies\u2026 Alors, certains ont propos\u00e9 une alternative : <strong>un mod\u00e8le de \u00ab colonisation \u00bb o\u00f9 les colonies sont laiss\u00e9es ind\u00e9pendantes<\/strong> pour leur administration, mais restent sous la protection de la m\u00e9tropole aussi longtemps que n\u00e9cessaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La \u00ab Fran\u00e7afrique \u00bb, si tu veux, est un exemple de n\u00e9ocolonialisme, <\/strong>o\u00f9 la France maintient son influence en Afrique d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re plus subtile apr\u00e8s la fin de la colonisation formelle. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une version plus douce du colonialisme, ax\u00e9e sur les int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques et le contr\u00f4le des ressources.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"543\" height=\"777\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg\" alt=\"Ce que la m\u00e9tropole recevait de la france d'outre-mer en 1940\" class=\"wp-image-267911\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=543 543w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=210 210w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=87 87w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=190 190w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=288 288w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=259 259w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=263 263w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/ce-que-le-metropole-recoit-des-colonies-francafrique.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=42 42w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 543px) 100vw, 543px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Ce que la m\u00e9tropole re\u00e7oit de la France d\u2019outre-mer. Le Monde colonial illustr\u00e9, 20 mai 1940. Image tir\u00e9e de l\u2019ouvrage <\/em>L\u2019Empire qui ne veut pas mourir<em> (2021)&nbsp;<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lexemple-du-franc-cfa\">L\u2019exemple du franc CFA \ud83e\ude99<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour que tu comprennes mieux ce qu\u2019on veut dire par <strong>le contr\u00f4le \u00e9conomique, <\/strong>on te donne un exemple, celui du <strong>franc CFA (Communaut\u00e9 Financi\u00e8re Africaine).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, <strong>la France subit des cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques d\u00e9sastreuses.<\/strong> Le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais d\u00e9cide de cr\u00e9er le franc CFA pour les colonies africaines. \u00c0 premi\u00e8re vue, cette mesure a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e comme <strong>une g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9tropole <\/strong>qui pr\u00e9tend ne pas imposer les cons\u00e9quences de sa propre pauvret\u00e9 aux colonies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, selon certains experts, la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9tait diff\u00e9rente. Le franc CFA a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place pour <strong>aider la France \u00e0 regagner le contr\u00f4le de ses colonies africaines<\/strong> et \u00e0 reconstruire son \u00e9conomie. Il se distingue par deux caract\u00e9ristiques :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u21aa\ufe0f <strong>La sur\u00e9valuation du franc CFA<\/strong> favorisait les produits fran\u00e7ais dans les colonies tout en p\u00e9nalisant les exportations de produits coloniaux sur le march\u00e9 mondial, redirigeant ainsi les flux vers la France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u21aa\ufe0f <strong>La parit\u00e9 fixe<\/strong> signifiait que les francs coloniaux \u00e9taient ancr\u00e9s au franc m\u00e9tropolitain de mani\u00e8re immuable, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire que les colonies ne pouvaient pas ajuster la valeur de leur monnaie en fonction de leurs besoins. M\u00eame apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance, cette d\u00e9pendance mon\u00e9taire est rest\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>Apprends tout sur <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/guerre-d-algerie\/\">la Guerre d&rsquo;Alg\u00e9rie<\/a> \ud83d\udca5<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vers-la-francafrique\">Vers la Fran\u00e7afrique \u2728<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus de l\u2019aspect militaire, politique et \u00e9conomique, il y a le c\u00f4t\u00e9 id\u00e9ologique. Tu sais, m\u00eame avant l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de ses colonies, <strong>la France s\u2019\u00e9tait associ\u00e9e avec des \u00e9lites locales <\/strong>pour maintenir son influence sur ses colonies. L&rsquo;\u00e9ducation \u00e9tait un moyen efficace pour cela.<strong> L&rsquo;\u00e9cole \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9e pour influencer les connaissances,<\/strong> mais aussi les valeurs, ainsi que pour promouvoir la France. \ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Des d\u00e9cennies plus tard, le lien entre la France et l\u2019Afrique existe toujours.<\/strong> Un lien d\u2019amiti\u00e9, d\u2019amour, mais surtout d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats communs que l\u2019ancien pr\u00e9sident de <strong>la R\u00e9publique gabonaise a bien d\u00e9crit dans le journal <\/strong><strong><em>Lib\u00e9ration<\/em><\/strong><strong> en 1996 : <\/strong>\u00ab L\u2019Afrique sans la France, c\u2019est une voiture sans chauffeur. La France sans l\u2019Afrique, c\u2019est une voiture sans carburant. \u00bb Une m\u00e9taphore qui symbolise parfaitement la Fran\u00e7afrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et comme il y a une tonne d\u2019infos \u00e0 conna\u00eetre sur cette notion, on t\u2019invite \u00e0 prendre contact avec un <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\">prof particulier d\u2019histoire<\/a> !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 D\u2019o\u00f9 vient ce terme ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong>Le mot \u00ab Fran\u00e7afrique \u00bb<\/strong> est entr\u00e9 dans le langage courant gr\u00e2ce au pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019association Survie, Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Verschave qui publie son livre en 1998 <em>La Fran\u00e7afrique. Le plus long scandale de la R\u00e9publique. <\/em>Il est difficile de savoir qui a utilis\u00e9 ce terme pour la premi\u00e8re fois.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #2 = CPG2\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div 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xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                   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         class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                           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        class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Nicolas2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Nicolas<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">CentraleSup\u00e9lec<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&rsquo;un prof particulier ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 9b5ed38b-ea2e-4d3c-a3bb-f0091c2eedd2 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont l\u00e0 pour t&rsquo;aider \u00e0 progresser !<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- notionvc: 20490bdd-6579-484b-9d99-0ff0bc1aa8e7 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"acteurs-principaux\">Acteurs principaux \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les rouages de la Fran\u00e7afrique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entretenus et fa\u00e7onn\u00e9s par un groupe de personnalit\u00e9s influentes, \u00e0 la fois fran\u00e7aises et africaines. On va te pr\u00e9senter <strong>les figures principales qui ont fait en sorte de pr\u00e9server et de p\u00e9renniser ce syst\u00e8me complexe.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"figures-francaises\">Figures fran\u00e7aises \ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On va d&rsquo;abord te parler des hommes d\u2019\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais qui ont connu la p\u00e9riode de d\u00e9colonisation \u00e0 partir des ann\u00e9es 50. Oui, tu l\u2019as devin\u00e9, cela co\u00efncide avec la fin de la IVe R\u00e9publique et le d\u00e9but de la V\u1d49 R\u00e9publique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"charles-de-gaulle-1890-1970\">Charles de Gaulle (1890 \u2013 1970)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Charles de Gaulle a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le important<\/strong> dans l&rsquo;histoire de la Fran\u00e7afrique. Son appel du 18 juin incarne les principes de l&rsquo;id\u00e9ologie imp\u00e9riale fran\u00e7aise, qui consid\u00e8re que la France tire sa puissance et son identit\u00e9 de ses colonies et qu&rsquo;il faut les prot\u00e9ger des ambitions de ses concurrents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00eame pendant la p\u00e9riode 1940-1944, de Gaulle et son \u00e9quipe avaient travaill\u00e9 pour <strong>mettre l&rsquo;Empire colonial au service de la France combattante <\/strong>et le prot\u00e9ger des influences \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Ils ont cherch\u00e9 des solutions pour renforcer les liens entre la m\u00e9tropole et les colonies, r\u00e9pondre aux aspirations des peuples colonis\u00e9s et surtout emp\u00eacher les interf\u00e9rences \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ces r\u00e9flexions ont finalement pos\u00e9 les bases du mod\u00e8le Fran\u00e7afrique, <\/strong>qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place sous la V\u1d49 R\u00e9publique apr\u00e8s le retour de de Gaulle au pouvoir.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/SeCSD8Wva6vUVAGAxE\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Gaulle qui fait un discours \u00e0 la radio de la BBC\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"georges-pompidou-1911-1974\">Georges Pompidou (1911 &#8211; 1974)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Pompidou \u00e9tait \u00e9galement un acteur cl\u00e9 qui avait <strong>une connaissance approfondie des enjeux \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;Afrique,<\/strong> notamment en tant qu&rsquo;ancien directeur de la banque Rothschild, impliqu\u00e9e dans les affaires coloniales. Cela l&rsquo;a aid\u00e9 \u00e0 comprendre les questions \u00e9conomiques franco-africaines et les besoins d&rsquo;approvisionnement en \u00e9nergie de la France.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udee2\ufe0f Il a \u00e9galement soulign\u00e9 l&rsquo;importance du p\u00e9trole dans l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie<\/strong> moderne et a encourag\u00e9 la diversification des sources d&rsquo;approvisionnement et la solidarit\u00e9 entre les pays producteurs et consommateurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"valery-giscard-1926-2020\">Val\u00e9ry Giscard (1926 &#8211; 2020)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Peu apr\u00e8s son \u00e9lection, <strong>Val\u00e9ry Giscard d&rsquo;Estaing a instaur\u00e9 une tradition<\/strong> qui serait suivie lors de chaque \u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle : la mise en sc\u00e8ne d&rsquo;une \u00ab rupture \u00bb dans la continuit\u00e9 des politiques pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. Dans<strong> un discours au S\u00e9nat le 30 mai 1974,<\/strong> il a affirm\u00e9 que la France confirmerait et renforcerait la dimension lib\u00e9rale de sa diplomatie. I<strong>l a promis de soutenir la cause de la libert\u00e9 et du droit des peuples \u00e0 l&rsquo;autod\u00e9termination <\/strong>partout dans le monde, tout en s&rsquo;engageant \u00e0 ne pas vendre d&rsquo;armes qui iraient \u00e0 l&rsquo;encontre de ces principes. \ud83d\udd2b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u21aa\ufe0f Val\u00e9ry Giscard d&rsquo;Estaing a \u00e9galement apport\u00e9<strong> des changements dans la politique fran\u00e7aise en Afrique subsaharienne. <\/strong>Il a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9tablir des contacts directs avec les dirigeants africains pour montrer que la France respectait la souverainet\u00e9 de ses partenaires et ne s&rsquo;ing\u00e9rait pas dans leurs affaires int\u00e9rieures. Malgr\u00e9 sa rh\u00e9torique de renouvellement, (tu l&rsquo;as bien devin\u00e9) <strong>sa politique s&rsquo;est align\u00e9e sur la continuit\u00e9 de ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs <\/strong>en mati\u00e8re africaine et s&rsquo;est appuy\u00e9 sur l&rsquo;h\u00e9ritage laiss\u00e9 par eux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"francois-mitterrand-1916-1996\">Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1916 &#8211; 1996)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Les questions coloniales ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le central <\/strong>dans l&rsquo;ascension politique de Mitterrand. En tant que ministre de la France d&rsquo;outre-mer de juillet 1950 \u00e0 juillet 1951, il est rapidement devenu un expert des probl\u00e8mes africains au sein de la IVe R\u00e9publique. Son passage au minist\u00e8re de la France d&rsquo;outre-mer a \u00e9t\u00e9 <strong>une exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9cisive dans sa vie politique, <\/strong>comme il l&rsquo;a lui-m\u00eame not\u00e9 dans son livre <em>Ma part de v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em> (1969).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Cette p\u00e9riode a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par <strong>un retournement surprenant en 1950 de F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, <\/strong>pr\u00e9sident du Rassemblement d\u00e9mocratique africain (RDA), passant rapidement d&rsquo;une position anticolonialiste \u00e0 une collaboration avec les autorit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises. <strong>La relation entre Mitterrand et Houphou\u00ebt <\/strong>dans les ann\u00e9es suivantes a ouvert la voie \u00e0 une nouvelle relation entre la France et l&rsquo;Afrique, presque fusionnelle ! Le groupe parlementaire qu&rsquo;ils ont fond\u00e9 ensemble au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1950, le groupe UDSR-RDA, est maintenant vu comme<strong> la naissance \u00ab officielle \u00bb de la Fran\u00e7afrique.<\/strong> \ud83d\udc76<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mitterrand lui-m\u00eame a affirm\u00e9 qu&rsquo;en 1950, il avait contribu\u00e9 au<strong> r\u00e8glement des probl\u00e8mes de l&rsquo;Afrique noire.<\/strong> Ces probl\u00e8mes comprenaient l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s des colonies africaines \u00e0 la pleine souverainet\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9vention de la concurrence \u00e9trang\u00e8re sur l&rsquo;influence fran\u00e7aise en Afrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"jacques-chirac-1932-2019\">Jacques Chirac (1932 &#8211; 2019)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Jacques Chirac avait une vision particuli\u00e8re de l&rsquo;Afrique.<strong> Il croyait que la multipartisme ne convenait pas \u00e0 tous les pays africains<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00ab Le multipartisme n\u2019est pas li\u00e9 \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie. Il y a des pays africains parfaitement d\u00e9mocratiques, comme la C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, qui sont des pays \u00e0 parti unique o\u00f9 la d\u00e9mocratie s\u2019exerce au sein de ce parti unique. Le multipartisme est une sorte de luxe que ces pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement n\u2019ont pas les moyens de s\u2019offrir. \u00bb (F\u00e9vrier 1990, Abidjan)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On n&rsquo;est pas tr\u00e8s loin des paroles de Charles de Gaulle concernant le Maroc : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00ab Vous savez, les d\u00e9mocraties sont toujours plus ou moins fragiles. Tout le monde ne peut pas s\u2019offrir le luxe d\u2019un r\u00e9gime fragile. Ce genre de pays, il vaut mieux qu\u2019ils ne cherchent pas \u00e0 \u00eatre trop d\u00e9mocratiques. \u00bb\u00a0(Juin 1963)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/5hc2bkC60heU\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Jim Carrey dans Ace Ventura qui dit &quot;alrighty then&quot;\" style=\"width:340px;height:auto\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Il craignait que <strong>la multiplication des partis politiques ne provoque des conflits tribaux.<\/strong> Plus tard, pour am\u00e9liorer son image, il a tent\u00e9 de se pr\u00e9senter comme un d\u00e9fenseur des droits de l&rsquo;homme et m\u00eame un militant de l&rsquo;ANC (<em>African National Congress<\/em>) de Nelson Mandela.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, pendant son mandat,<strong> il a soutenu des r\u00e9gimes autoritaires en Afrique <\/strong>et a \u00e9t\u00e9 impliqu\u00e9 dans des scandales de corruption. C&rsquo;est pourquoi on le surnommait \u00ab Chirac l&rsquo;Africain \u00bb dans les ann\u00e9es 1980-1990. \ud83d\ude43<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nicolas-sarcozy-1955\">Nicolas Sarcozy (1955 &#8211; )<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Nicolas Sarkozy, pr\u00e9sident fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 partir de 2007, a voulu <strong>rompre avec la politique africaine de son pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur Jacques Chirac (quelle surprise). <\/strong>Il a utilis\u00e9 des discours forts contre la Fran\u00e7afrique et la corruption, mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il n&rsquo;y avait pas beaucoup de changements. Il a m\u00eame c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 sa victoire avec des hommes d&rsquo;affaires influents en Afrique. Son conseiller pour les affaires africaines, Bruno Joubert, \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un r\u00e9formateur, mais <strong>il s&rsquo;inscrivait dans le m\u00eame moule des pratiques fran\u00e7africaines.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lors d&rsquo;un discours \u00e0 Dakar en 2007, Sarkozy a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 la colonisation en reconnaissant <strong>les erreurs commises, <\/strong>mais il a \u00e9galement insist\u00e9 sur la responsabilit\u00e9 des Africains dans leurs probl\u00e8mes. Cependant, malgr\u00e9 ces paroles, <strong>Sarkozy a continu\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir des relations avec des dictateurs africains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le nom de Robert Bourgi, avocat et \u00e9missaire discret pour des chefs d&rsquo;\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais en Afrique, est apparu dans des all\u00e9gations de<strong> remises d&rsquo;argent \u00e0 des personnalit\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises.<\/strong> Bien qu&rsquo;il ait cit\u00e9 des noms comme Chirac et Villepin, l&rsquo;affaire n&rsquo;a pas abouti \u00e0 des poursuites p\u00e9nales. Plus tard, Bourgi a affirm\u00e9 que de <strong>telles pratiques \u00e9taient syst\u00e9miques et a mis en lumi\u00e8re les liens entre la France et certains dirigeants africains.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/Q301hFWpfl5stXdjcR\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Jonathan Cohen dans &quot;le flambeau&quot; qui dit &quot;personne n'\u00e9tait au courant&quot;\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"francois-hollande-1954\">Fran\u00e7ois Hollande (1954 &#8211; )<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Fran\u00e7ois Hollande, \u00e9lu pr\u00e9sident en 2012, a, lui aussi, <strong>promis un \u00ab changement \u00bb dans la politique africaine de la France,<\/strong> mais, m\u00eame sc\u00e9nario : la relation continue\u2026&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Il a rencontr\u00e9 des dirigeants africains<\/strong> comme Paul Biya du Cameroun, Mahamadou Issoufou du Niger, et Macky Sall du S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, mais il a aussi <strong>maintenu la pr\u00e9sence militaire fran\u00e7aise en Afrique <\/strong>et appel\u00e9 \u00e0 la consolidation de la zone franc, soutenant ainsi l&rsquo;utilisation continue du franc CFA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lors de <strong>l&rsquo;intervention militaire au Mali en 2013,<\/strong> Fran\u00e7ois Hollande a annonc\u00e9 l&rsquo;op\u00e9ration Serval pour contrer les groupes djihadistes. Cette op\u00e9ration a \u00e9t\u00e9 ensuite fusionn\u00e9e avec une autre op\u00e9ration, \u00c9pervier, et \u00e9tendue \u00e0 tout le Sahel pour devenir l&rsquo;op\u00e9ration Barkhane. \ud83e\ude96<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"emmanuel-macron-1977\">Emmanuel Macron (1977 &#8211; )<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Emmanuel Macron, qui est devenu pr\u00e9sident en 2017, a cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 <strong>construire une image de pr\u00e9sident jeune et moderne, <\/strong>en rupture avec les pratiques de ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs en ce qui concerne l&rsquo;Afrique. \ud83c\udf0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Macron a conserv\u00e9 \u00e0 ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s l&rsquo;amiral Bernard Rogel, <\/strong>chef d&rsquo;\u00e9tat-major particulier de son pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur, Fran\u00e7ois Hollande, pour assurer la continuit\u00e9 du conseil militaire. Il a \u00e9galement nomm\u00e9 Jean-Yves Le Drian, ministre de la D\u00e9fense de Hollande, comme ministre de l&rsquo;Europe et des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res. <strong>Macron a rapidement multipli\u00e9 les gestes symboliques <\/strong>en faveur de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e, montrant son engagement envers la lutte contre le terrorisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Il a \u00e9galement cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 <strong>renforcer les partenariats militaires et de renseignement avec les pays africains,<\/strong> notamment en organisant une r\u00e9union des pays du G5 Sahel et en renfor\u00e7ant le partenariat militaire avec la C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire. <strong>Macron a affirm\u00e9 que la France continuera son engagement militaire <\/strong>au Sahel tant que la menace terroriste subsiste dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;rsquo; global #3 = CPG3\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            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xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin de cours particuliers ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 27874cb7-7cca-4c68-a2e3-ea8000cbb55b --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #48b378;\">4 points<\/span> de plus sur ta <span style=\"color: #48b378;\">moyenne<\/span> avec nos profs Sherpas ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83d\udcc8\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"figures-africaines\">Figures africaines \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans le contexte de la Fran\u00e7afrique,<strong> plusieurs personnalit\u00e9s africaines <\/strong>ont \u00e9galement jou\u00e9 des r\u00f4les de premier plan en tant qu&rsquo;acteurs cl\u00e9s dans les relations entre la France et l&rsquo;Afrique. Leurs actions et d\u00e9cisions ont eu un impact significatif sur <strong>la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re, \u00e9conomique et militaire de leurs pays.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"felix-houphouet-boigny-1905-1993\">F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny (1905 &#8211; 1993)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt, un homme politique ivoirien, <\/strong>a un profil unique dans le contexte colonial. Il est n\u00e9 en 1905 \u00e0 Yamoussoukro, dans une famille traditionnelle, mais il a re\u00e7u une \u00e9ducation occidentale. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9quisitionn\u00e9 pour int\u00e9grer l&rsquo;\u00e9cole primaire sup\u00e9rieure de Bingerville et a ensuite \u00e9tudi\u00e9 pour devenir instituteur \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole William-Ponty, puis m\u00e9decin \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9cole de m\u00e9decine de Dakar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Houphou\u00ebt a \u00e9t\u00e9 un chef traditionnel, <\/strong>un chef de canton et un repr\u00e9sentant de l&rsquo;\u00e9lite \u00ab moderne \u00bb. Il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement un grand propri\u00e9taire terrien et un planteur de caf\u00e9, de cacao et de caoutchouc. Cette combinaison lui a assur\u00e9 une ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique. Pendant la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/seconde-guerre-mondiale-1939-1945\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"189476\">Seconde Guerre mondiale<\/a>, il a renforc\u00e9 sa position en obtenant le soutien du gouverneur de C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Ivoire, Andr\u00e9 Latrille.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1945, Houphou\u00ebt s&rsquo;est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;Assembl\u00e9e constituante <strong>en affirmant son attachement \u00e0 la France tout en d\u00e9fendant les int\u00e9r\u00eats de l&rsquo;Afrique<\/strong>. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu avec succ\u00e8s et est devenu un membre du Parlement. Sa mont\u00e9e en politique a \u00e9t\u00e9 soutenue par sa base \u00e9conomique solide et son immense popularit\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lamine-gueye-1891-1968\">Lamine Gu\u00e8ye (1891 &#8211; 1968)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lamine Gu\u00e8ye a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans la politique s\u00e9n\u00e9galaise et africain<\/strong>e en tant qu&rsquo;acteur majeur. Il est devenu avocat et a adh\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 la Section fran\u00e7aise de l&rsquo;Internationale ouvri\u00e8re (SFIO). Plus tard, il est \u00e9lu maire de Saint-Louis. Il est surtout connu pour avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;initiateur et le rapporteur de<strong> la loi du 7 mai 1946, appel\u00e9e la \u00ab loi Lamine Gu\u00e8ye \u00bb<\/strong>, qui a permis aux indig\u00e8nes des colonies fran\u00e7aises d&rsquo;Afrique d&rsquo;obtenir la citoyennet\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est devenu le premier juriste africain et a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le de<strong> d\u00e9fenseur des tirailleurs s\u00e9n\u00e9galais et de personnalit\u00e9s africaines<\/strong> en litiges avec les autorit\u00e9s coloniales. Il a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu maire de Dakar et nomm\u00e9 sous-secr\u00e9taire d&rsquo;\u00c9tat \u00e0 la Pr\u00e9sidence du Conseil en 1946.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong>Les tirailleurs s\u00e9n\u00e9galais<\/strong> font partie des troupes coloniales qui servaient l\u2019Empire colonial fran\u00e7ais. Par exemple, lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ils ont combattu l\u2019arm\u00e9e allemande.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"leopold-sedar-senghor-1906-2001\">L\u00e9opold Sedar Senghor (1906 &#8211; 2001)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor, un \u00e9crivain et homme politique s\u00e9n\u00e9galais,<\/strong> a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 avec une forte influence de la culture fran\u00e7aise. Il a suivi des \u00e9tudes en France et a \u00e9t\u00e9 encourag\u00e9 par l&rsquo;administration coloniale fran\u00e7aise, qui lui a m\u00eame accord\u00e9 une bourse.<strong> Il a fait partie d&rsquo;une \u00e9lite destin\u00e9e \u00e0 promouvoir les int\u00e9r\u00eats fran\u00e7ais en Afrique.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c0 Paris, Senghor a renforc\u00e9 son amour pour la France et sa litt\u00e9rature (et s\u00fbrement aussi pour ses baguettes \ud83e\udd56). <\/strong>Il a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 dans des lyc\u00e9es prestigieux et s&rsquo;est li\u00e9 d&rsquo;amiti\u00e9 avec des personnalit\u00e9s telles que Georges Pompidou et Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire. Senghor a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 <strong>le premier Africain \u00e0 remporter l&rsquo;agr\u00e9gation de grammaire.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/9GIEw4xhvxcgrSWu6s\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Un supporteur portant un drapeau fran\u00e7ais\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>En 1937, Senghor a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se faire conna\u00eetre en tant que po\u00e8te et conf\u00e9rencier, <\/strong>suscitant l&rsquo;admiration, mais aussi des ambigu\u00eft\u00e9s. Certains en France l&rsquo;ont vu comme une preuve du succ\u00e8s de la colonisation fran\u00e7aise, tandis que d&rsquo;autres l&rsquo;ont consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme <strong>une figure de la renaissance culturelle africaine.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"alexandre-douala-manga-bell-1897-1966\">Alexandre Douala Manga Bell (1897 &#8211; 1966)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Le prince Alexandre Ndoumb&rsquo;a Douala Manga Bell, <\/strong>n\u00e9 en 1897 au Cameroun, \u00e9tait un chef local et homme politique. Fils d&rsquo;un prince r\u00e9sistant aux Allemands, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9duqu\u00e9 en Allemagne puis est devenu un symbole de la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l&rsquo;occupation allemande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Il a choisi de soutenir la France<\/strong>, le nouveau pouvoir colonial, en \u00e9change de financements. \ud83e\udd11 Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu d\u00e9put\u00e9 et a rejoint le parti MRP (Mouvement r\u00e9publicain populaire), qui <strong>soutenait le syst\u00e8me colonial traditionnel.<\/strong> Bien qu&rsquo;il ait pris des positions publiques, en priv\u00e9, il a adopt\u00e9 un double discours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Douala Manga Bell s&rsquo;est fait remarquer en participant \u00e0 <strong>des discussions sur les r\u00e9formes institutionnelles.<\/strong> Il a soutenu l&rsquo;id\u00e9e d&rsquo;un double coll\u00e8ge avec des \u00e9lus blancs et des indig\u00e8nes, afin de rester le seul repr\u00e9sentant des Africains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2716\ufe0f Il n&rsquo;a pas sign\u00e9 un manifeste panafricain<\/strong> avec d&rsquo;autres d\u00e9put\u00e9s africains et a \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9 aux Nations Unies pour d\u00e9fendre le r\u00f4le de la France au Cameroun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"deputes-africains\">D\u00e9put\u00e9s africains<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Les d\u00e9put\u00e9s africains \u00e0 l&rsquo;Assembl\u00e9e nationale fran\u00e7aise<\/strong> sont un groupe sp\u00e9cial particulier. Contrairement \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres puissances coloniales,<strong> la France accueille des repr\u00e9sentants de ses colonies dans son Parlement m\u00e9tropolitain. <\/strong>Ces parlementaires sont \u00e0 la fois similaires aux d\u00e9put\u00e9s fran\u00e7ais et per\u00e7us comme des personnalit\u00e9s distinctes repr\u00e9sentant une \u00ab Afrique \u00bb encore vue comme exotique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces d\u00e9put\u00e9s africains \u00e9taient souvent<strong> \u00e9duqu\u00e9s dans le syst\u00e8me colonial fran\u00e7ais <\/strong>et encourag\u00e9s \u00e0 adopter la culture et la francit\u00e9. \ud83c\uddeb\ud83c\uddf7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a \u00e9videmment d\u2019autres figures importantes qui ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation des relations Franco-africaines, comme tu peux l\u2019imaginer. Cependant, <strong>\u00ab fran\u00e7afrique \u00bb<\/strong> <strong>reste malgr\u00e9 tout un concept pol\u00e9mique<\/strong> qui est parfois rejet\u00e9 par certaines personnes, mais ce mot est toujours pr\u00e9sent jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ressources-sur-la-francafrique\">Ressources sur la Fran\u00e7afrique \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\ud83c\udfa5 <em>Fran\u00e7afrique <\/em>de Patrick Benquet (2010)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udcd6 <em>AfricaFrance<\/em> de Antoine Glaser (2014)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udcd6 <em>La Fran\u00e7afrique : le plus long scandale de la R\u00e9publique<\/em> de Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Verschave (1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udcd6 <em>L\u2019Empire qui ne veut pas mourir : une histoire de la Fran\u00e7afrique <\/em>sous la direction de Thomas Borrel, Amzat Boukari Yabara, Beno\u00eet Collombat et Thomas Deltombe (2021)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Voil\u00e0, tu connais d\u00e9sormais toutes les bases de la Fran\u00e7afrique, mais si tu veux en savoir plus, n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 prendre des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\/online\">cours particuliers d\u2019histoire en ligne<\/a> !&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;267897&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (1 vote)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Fran\u00e7afrique : un mariage compliqu\u00e9 \u2764\u200d\ud83e\ude79&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (1 vote)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Entre la France et l\u2019Afrique, il y a une grande histoire ! Mais tu t\u2019en doutes bien, elle (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":334,"featured_media":267913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,823],"tag":[331,358],"class_list":["post-267897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-geopolitique-2","tag-afrique","tag-france"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/334"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=267897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267897\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/267913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=267897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=267897"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=267897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}