{"id":267246,"date":"2023-11-15T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-15T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=267246"},"modified":"2023-11-10T18:37:11","modified_gmt":"2023-11-10T17:37:11","slug":"freedom-summer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/freedom-summer\/","title":{"rendered":"Freedom Summer, luttes pour les droits civiques de Doug McAdam &#8211; fiche de lecture \ud83d\udcd6"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On ne pouvait pas ne pas revenir sur ce classique de sociologie des mouvements sociaux ! Que ce soit en sciences politiques, sociologie, litt\u00e9rature ou m\u00eame pour notre propre culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, c\u2019est un indispensable \u00e0 conna\u00eetre ! Cet ouvrage revient sur un \u00e9pisode qui a marqu\u00e9 l\u2019histoire de la lutte pour les droits civiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis, <strong>le <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alors, pr\u00eat \u00e0 en savoir plus ? <em>Let\u2019s go ! <\/em>\ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qui est Doug McAdam ? \ud83e\uddd0<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png\" alt=\"Doug McAdam\" class=\"wp-image-267248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=480 480w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=300 300w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=188 188w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=396 396w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=288 288w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=265 265w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=60 60w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Freedom-Summer-1.png?q=90&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=378 378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u00a9Stanford University<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Doug McAdam est n\u00e9 le<strong> 3 ao\u00fbt 1951.<\/strong> C\u2019est un <strong>sociologue am\u00e9ricain <\/strong>et <strong>professeur \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Stanford.<\/strong> Il est reconnu pour avoir largement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la <strong>sociologie des mouvements sociaux.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/3o7btXkbsV26U95Uly\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"On couronne un roi\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Trop fort Doug ! <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Il est \u00e9galement connu pour avoir d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la <strong>th\u00e9orie de la mobilisation des ressources,<\/strong> qui examine comment les mouvements sociaux se forment, se d\u00e9veloppent et r\u00e9ussissent en mobilisant trois types de ressources :<strong> humaines, financi\u00e8res et organisationnelles.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>D\u00e9finition \ud83d\udcd6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong>Mouvements sociaux :<\/strong> ce sont des actions collectives revendicatives visant \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre une cause. Autrement dit, elles cherchent \u00e0 remettre en cause l\u2019ordre social ou \u00e0 le transformer par d\u2019autres moyens que le vote.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2705 Exemples :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/mai-68\/\">mai 68<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>la lutte pour les droits civiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis,<\/li>\n<li>les mouvements f\u00e9ministes,<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">le mouvement altermondialiste.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Et puis, tu t\u2019en doutes bien, il est notamment connu pour son enqu\u00eate approfondie sur le <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> qu\u2019on va d\u00e9couvrir tout de suite ! \ud83e\udd29<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #1 = CPG1\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fabien2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fabien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">18\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier cours particulier est offert ! <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><!-- notionvc: 91b6b7d7-50f2-46f4-ae1f-ecbabe834aad --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles et universit\u00e9s.<!-- notionvc: 21bb66b6-b36d-4ce8-8950-173722d75a1e --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: #ffffff; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&#8217;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Petite pr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019ouvrage \ud83d\udc40<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cet ouvrage est paru en <strong>1988<\/strong> aux \u00c9tats Unis et bien plus tardivement en France, en<strong> 2012.<\/strong> Il s\u2019est rapidement impos\u00e9 comme un classique de la litt\u00e9rature sociologique am\u00e9ricaine sur les mouvements sociaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doug McAdam est trop jeune pour assister \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e8nement, mais il remarque plus tard que dans tous les grands mouvements des <strong>ann\u00e9es 70<\/strong>, on retrouve syst\u00e9matiquement \u00e0 leur t\u00eate des militants du <em>Freedom Summer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/H3qWY13eGZUomKxOs6\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Femme qui lors d'un discours politique dit : &quot;They are everywhere&quot;.\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Dans cet ouvrage, il va donc retracer <strong>l&#8217;histoire de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964 au Mississippi <\/strong>et de <strong>ses r\u00e9percussions sur l\u2019avenir des participants<\/strong> et sur<strong> les mouvements sociaux <\/strong>de la fin des <strong>ann\u00e9es 1960<\/strong> et des <strong>ann\u00e9es 1970.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>L\u2019auteur a pass\u00e9<strong> six ann\u00e9es cons\u00e9cutives<\/strong> sur cette enqu\u00eate ! Il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 plus simple pour l\u2019auteur de retrouver la liste des participants du Freedom Summer, mais il n\u2019a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 le faire. Il a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9 de se rendre au centre Martin Luther King Junior d\u2019Atlanta qui conserve<strong> les dossiers de candidature<\/strong> de la campagne.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Il a envoy\u00e9<strong> 566 questionnaires<\/strong> aux personnes qu\u2019il a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 retrouver et qui \u00e9taient toujours en vie. Il a ensuite s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 <strong>80 personnes<\/strong> <strong>pour mener des entretiens<\/strong> qui se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9s <strong>lors du printemps 1985.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a  href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/sociologie\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-8.jpg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-8.jpg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/relance-cours-particulier-8.jpg\"\n                                    alt=\"Personne qui donne des cours particuliers\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Envie de devenir un as en socio ? N&#8217;h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 prendre un cours avec l&#8217;un de nos Sherpas !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Trouve ton prof de sociologie ! \n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contexte historique du Freedom Summer \u23ee\ufe0f<\/h2>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>Petit <em>reminder<\/em> \ud83e\udde0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong>La guerre de S\u00e9cession<\/strong> s&#8217;est d\u00e9roul\u00e9e aux \u00c9tats-Unis entre<strong> 1861 et 1865<\/strong>. Elle oppose les \u00c9tats am\u00e9ricains du <strong>Nord (Union) <\/strong>\u00e0 ceux du<strong> Sud (Conf\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9s)<\/strong>, deux r\u00e9gions aux <strong>\u00e9conomies<\/strong>, aux <strong>traditions<\/strong> et aux <strong>modes de vie fort diff\u00e9rents<\/strong>, \u00e0 tel point qu\u2019ils aient fait s\u00e9cession, en <strong>1860 et 1861.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc4d le Nord \u00e9tait industrialis\u00e9 et <strong>favorable \u00e0 l&#8217;abolition de l&#8217;esclavage,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udc4e tandis que le Sud \u00e9tait principalement agricole et <strong>d\u00e9pendait fortement de l&#8217;esclavage<\/strong> pour ses plantations de coton.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udca5 La principale cause de la guerre \u00e9tait <strong>la question de l&#8217;esclavage<\/strong>. Le Nord voulait mettre fin \u00e0 l&#8217;esclavage, consid\u00e9rant qu&#8217;il \u00e9tait immoral, tandis que le Sud voulait le maintenir, car il \u00e9tait essentiel pour son \u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e8s d\u2019un si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s la fin de la <strong>guerre de S\u00e9cession<\/strong>,<strong> la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation \u00e9tait encore bien install\u00e9e dans les \u00c9tats du Sud. <\/strong>Les enfants noirs et blancs ne fr\u00e9quentaient pas les m\u00eames \u00e9coles, les personnes noires devaient s\u2019asseoir dans le fond du bus, du tram ou dans des wagons qui leur \u00e9taient r\u00e9serv\u00e9s. Cela s\u2019\u00e9tendait m\u00eame jusqu\u2019aux WC et aux lavabos\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais dans les ann\u00e9es <strong>1950-1960,<\/strong> le <strong>mouvement pour les droits civiques<\/strong> lutte pour obtenir la <strong>d\u00e9s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation<\/strong> et <strong>l&#8217;\u00e9galit\u00e9 des droits dans la loi et dans les faits. <\/strong>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9 par le parcours de figures de la libert\u00e9 telles que Rosa Parks, <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/martin-luther-king-junior\/\">Martin Luther King<\/a> et Malcolm X.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>D\u00e9couvre les <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-segregation-raciale-aux-etats-unis\/\">8 moments qui ont marqu\u00e9 la lutte contre la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a> !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le Mississipi, terre d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et d&#8217;injustices \ud83e\udd10<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En parall\u00e8le, l&#8217;\u00c9tat du Mississippi demeure le plus conservateur et raciste avec des milices affili\u00e9es au<strong> Ku Klux Klan<\/strong>, mais aussi des bavures polici\u00e8res constantes envers la population noire.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Le savais-tu ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Les cagoul\u00e9s blancs au chapeau pointu, \u00e7a te dit quelque chose ? C\u2019est comme \u00e7a que sont v\u00eatus les membres du<strong> Ku Klux Klan,<\/strong> cette organisation<strong> secr\u00e8te raciste, supr\u00e9maciste blanche<\/strong> et <strong>d\u2019extr\u00eame droite.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Elle est fond\u00e9e en <strong>1865<\/strong> <strong>dans le sud des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong> apr\u00e8s la <strong>guerre de S\u00e9cession<\/strong> et <strong>l\u2019abolition de l\u2019esclavage<\/strong>. Tr\u00e8s vite, les membres de cette organisation secr\u00e8te se mettent \u00e0 brutaliser ou tuer les anciens esclaves en vue de les emp\u00eacher de faire usage de leurs droits civiques. Tu l\u2019auras compris, son but est de restaurer la supr\u00e9matie blanche par tous les moyens \ud83d\ude2c<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Et malheureusement, elle n\u2019a pas disparu et reste toujours active dans certains coins des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est une terre o\u00f9 r\u00e8gnent injustices et non-droits et o\u00f9 les grands propri\u00e9taires terriens s\u2019opposant \u00e0 la m\u00e9canisation de l\u2019agriculture, continuent d\u2019employer \u00e0 tr\u00e8s bas co\u00fbt de nombreux travailleurs afro-am\u00e9ricains. Le seuil de pauvret\u00e9 est donc tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 chez la population noire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Outre les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s raciales en termes de scolarisation, de revenus, de sant\u00e9 qui y sont consid\u00e9rables, le Mississippi se caract\u00e9rise par le fait que la population noire <strong>n\u2019a pas le droit de vote. <\/strong>Seulement <strong>6,7 % des noirs sont inscrits sur les listes \u00e9lectorales. \ud83e\udd10<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Envie d&#8217;enrichir tes connaissances ? N\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 prendre un <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\">cours particulier d&#8217;histoire<\/a> avec l\u2019un de nos Sherpas ! \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le <em>Freedom Summer,<\/em> un projet qui rassemble \ud83e\udec2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce contexte,<strong> le<em> Freedom Summer <\/em>de 1964 au Mississippi <\/strong>s\u2019impose donc comme un temps fort de la lutte pour les droits civiques. \u270a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est une campagne \u00e0 l\u2019initiative de plusieurs<strong> groupes de d\u00e9fense des droits civiques<\/strong>, dont le <em>Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<\/em> (SNCC), le <em>Congress of Racial Equality <\/em>(CORE), et la <em>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People<\/em> (NAACP).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u21aa Le but ? <strong>Inscrire les \u00e9lecteurs noirs sur les<\/strong> <strong>listes \u00e9lectorales de l&#8217;\u00c9tat du Mississippi.<\/strong> \u2709\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Durant cet \u00e9t\u00e9, des <strong>milliers de volontaires<\/strong>, principalement des \u00e9tudiants et des militants blancs et noirs, ont converg\u00e9 vers le Mississippi. Cette campagne n\u2019aurait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 la m\u00eame sans <strong>l\u2019engagement d\u2019environ un millier d\u2019\u00e9tudiants, majoritairement blancs, du Nord<\/strong> recrut\u00e9s pour amener la<strong> reconnaissance au mouvement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <em>Freedom Summer<\/em>, c\u2019est donc avant tout le <strong>fruit de rencontres<\/strong> entre des <strong>syndicats afro-am\u00e9ricains<\/strong> et des<strong> \u00e9tudiants blancs du Nord <\/strong>r\u00eavant d\u2019une Am\u00e9rique plus juste et \u00e9thique. \ud83e\udec2 Ensemble, ils ont mis en place des <em>Freedom Schools <\/em>pour l&#8217;\u00e9ducation, des centres de secours m\u00e9dicaux, et ont travaill\u00e9 pour enregistrer les \u00e9lecteurs afro-am\u00e9ricains sur les listes \u00e9lectorales officielles ainsi que sur les listes alternatives du <em>Mississipi Freedom Democratic Party<\/em> (MFDP).<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udd0e Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Cet \u00e9t\u00e9 de 1964 au Mississippi \u00e9tait un v\u00e9ritable tournant dans l\u2019histoire des droits civiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis. La preuve, outre <strong>l\u2019inscription \u00e9lectorale de plusieurs milliers de noirs<\/strong> sur les listes \u00e9lectorales, <strong>le <em>Voting Rights Act<\/em>,<\/strong> qui prot\u00e8ge le droit de vote des minorit\u00e9s, est adopt\u00e9 en <strong>1965<\/strong>. \ud83d\udcdd<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #2 = CPG2\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Nicolas2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Nicolas<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">CentraleSup\u00e9lec<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                   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                                  <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&#8217;un prof particulier ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 9b5ed38b-ea2e-4d3c-a3bb-f0091c2eedd2 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont l\u00e0 pour t&#8217;aider \u00e0 progresser !<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- notionvc: 20490bdd-6579-484b-9d99-0ff0bc1aa8e7 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Analyse de l&#8217;ouvrage \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le<em> Freedom Summer <\/em>correspond \u00e0 une <strong>exp\u00e9rience militante extr\u00eame <\/strong>qui pose un certain nombre de questions pour <strong>McAdam<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83e\udd14 Qui sont ces militants ?<br>\ud83e\udd14 Sont-ils pr\u00e9dispos\u00e9s \u00e0 s\u2019engager dans de telles conditions ?<br>\ud83e\udd14 Comment sont-ils s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s ?<br>\ud83e\udd14 Comment vivent-ils la campagne, sa violence, ses risques ?<br>\ud83e\udd14 Quelles sont les cons\u00e9quences biographiques de telles exp\u00e9riences ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 des th\u00e8ses principales de McAdam \u270d\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>McAdam va proc\u00e9der \u00e0 une <strong>comparaison<\/strong> minutieuse des profils sociaux et des devenirs biographiques des volontaires :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ceux <strong>qui se rendent dans le Mississippi <\/strong>d\u2019une part,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ceux qui ne sont<strong> pas retenus<\/strong> ou ceux qui ont <strong>abandonn\u00e9 <\/strong>d\u2019autre part.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette comparaison lui permet de voir ce qui distingue les deux groupes <strong>avant la participation au <em>Freedom <\/em><\/strong><em><strong>Summer<\/strong> <\/em>et surtout les effets de cette campagne sur les trajectoires des participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deux groupes tr\u00e8s similaires avant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964 \ud83e\udd1d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce qu\u2019il constate, c\u2019est qu\u2019avant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964 ces deux groupes ont des <strong>caract\u00e9ristiques communes <\/strong>telles que :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 l\u2019appartenance \u00e0<strong> l\u2019\u00e9lite sociale am\u00e9ricaine,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 les \u00e9tudes r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans les <strong>m\u00eames universit\u00e9s prestigieuses,<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 les <strong>origines g\u00e9ographiques<\/strong> semblables, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 leur <strong>affinit\u00e9 avec le mouvement,<\/strong> etc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e9anmoins, les \u00ab pr\u00e9sents \u00bb se distinguent des \u00ab absents \u00bb sur <strong>trois points<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 une<strong> plus grande disponibilit\u00e9 biographique<\/strong> (absence de contrainte familiale, conjugales, professionnelle et financi\u00e8re),<br>\u2705 une<strong> affinit\u00e9 de convictions \u00e0 d\u2019autres groupes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/strong> (socialistes\/marxistes, d\u00e9mocrates lib\u00e9raux, groupe religieux, etc.),<br>\u2705 et une<strong> meilleure int\u00e9gration sociale <\/strong>(ils sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 membres d\u2019une organisation politique, syndicale ou religieuse et ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 des liens pr\u00e9existants avec d\u2019autres militants du projet).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deux groupes avec un destin contrast\u00e9 apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964 \u26a1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Si les pr\u00e9sents et les absents ne pr\u00e9sentent pas beaucoup de diff\u00e9rences avant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 1964, en revanche, ils conna\u00eetront des destins fortement contrast\u00e9s par la suite. Les trajectoires biographiques des \u00e9tudiants pr\u00e9sents ont profond\u00e9ment \u00e9t\u00e9 boulevers\u00e9es par leur participation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un retour compliqu\u00e9 \ud83d\ude16<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019occasion d\u2019un <strong>d\u00e9cloisonnement social <\/strong>et <strong>culturel.<\/strong> La bourgeoise blanche d\u00e9couvre les communaut\u00e9s afro-am\u00e9ricaines du Mississippi dans leur intimit\u00e9 : beaucoup de couples vont se former lors de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 et les \u00e9tudiants sont h\u00e9berg\u00e9s \u00e0 bras ouverts chez les familles du SNCC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces \u00e9tudiants ont donc exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 et partag\u00e9 les conditions de vie des populations noires du Sud durant le temps d\u2019un \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/Ym57BvvhC7r0rWbubN\/giphy-downsized-large.gif\" alt=\"Une femme qui dit &quot;We are our family&quot;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les militants blancs exp\u00e9rimentent la <strong>rudesse des conditions de vie qui leur sont \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/strong> Ils ressentent et voient de leurs propres yeux la <strong>violence<\/strong>, les <strong>discriminations<\/strong> et <strong>l\u2019ill\u00e9galisme<\/strong> g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9. Quatre personnes sont tu\u00e9es durant l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, des dizaines de militants sont pass\u00e9es \u00e0 tabac, plusieurs centaines sont arr\u00eat\u00e9es\u202f; des \u00e9glises, maisons et commerces sont incendi\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9duqu\u00e9s dans <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">une atmosph\u00e8re optimiste et id\u00e9aliste,<\/span> les volontaires n\u2019\u00e9taient gu\u00e8re pr\u00e9par\u00e9s au revers du <span style=\"color: #3366ff\">r\u00eave am\u00e9ricain.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Freedom Summer, luttes pour les droits civiques de Doug McAdam, p. 144<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\"><\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>La d\u00e9couverte de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est donc tr\u00e8s compliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 supporter et g\u00e9n\u00e8re chez eux une prise conscience m\u00eal\u00e9e de <strong>culpabilit\u00e9, col\u00e8re, tristesse<\/strong> et <strong>r\u00e9volte. <\/strong>\ud83d\ude21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des \u00e9tudiants beaucoup plus tourn\u00e9s vers la politique \ud83d\udce3<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> a une incidence importante sur les \u00e9tudiants pr\u00e9sents. Il conduit \u00e0 une <strong>radicalisation politique et id\u00e9ologique des volontaires.<\/strong> Arriv\u00e9s pour la plupart lib\u00e9raux et id\u00e9alistes, ils repartent avec des id\u00e9es de gauche et r\u00e9volutionnaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour de nombreux volontaires, la politique devient <strong>l\u2019objet central de leur existence<\/strong> dans les ann\u00e9es suivant la campagne. Certains <strong>abandonnent leurs \u00e9tudes <\/strong>et <strong>continuent de militer<\/strong>, d\u2019autres obtiennent des<strong> emplois militants r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s, <\/strong>d\u2019autres se r\u00e9orientent vers les m\u00e9tiers de l\u2019\u00e9ducation, de l\u2019aide sociale ou de la justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rupture avec leur classe sociale \u26a1<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir d\u00e9couvert de <strong>nouvelles mani\u00e8res de vivre,<\/strong> la plupart des volontaires \u00e9prouvent un sentiment de <strong>d\u00e9sajustement <\/strong>et de <strong>marginalit\u00e9 vis-\u00e0-vis de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 bourgeoise et blanche du Nord.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Certains<strong> remettent en cause leur croyance religieuse<\/strong>, d\u2019autres s\u2019efforcent de reproduire le <strong>mode de vie communautaire <\/strong>exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 dans le Mississippi. Cela passe \u00e9galement par la mani\u00e8re de s\u2019habiller, les \u00e9tudiants ayant particip\u00e9 au projet importent des <strong>caract\u00e9ristiques vestimentaires afro<\/strong> dans leurs universit\u00e9s : <strong><em>Blue Jeans<\/em> et chemise.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/l2Je1o8XnNFuV4klG\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Personnage Simpson qui enfile un jean et dit &quot;These are fabulous&quot;\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact du <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> sur les<em> Sixties <\/em>\ud83d\udca5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019une contre-culture \u270a<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la <strong>\u00ab contre-culture \u00bb<\/strong> et une <strong>re-l\u00e9gitimation du militantisme<\/strong> qui apparaissent aux \u00c9tats-Unis et qui touchent notamment les \u00e9tudiants.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>D\u00e9finition \ud83d\udcd6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Contre-culture : il s\u2019agit d\u2019un courant culturel qui <strong>s\u2019oppose aux normes, valeurs et conventions de la culture dominante d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/strong> Le terme se diffuse dans les <strong>ann\u00e9es 70<\/strong> pour caract\u00e9riser les mouvements contestataires des jeunes envers la bourgeoisie et la domination culturelle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Elle peut \u00eatre le reflet d&#8217;un m\u00e9contentement envers le pouvoir \u00e9tabli, les institutions, les normes sociales, ou m\u00eame la consommation de masse.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2705 Exemples :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>mouvement <em>hippie<\/em> <\/strong>des ann\u00e9es 60 ;<br \/>\n<strong>mouvement <em>punk<\/em><\/strong> des ann\u00e9es 70 ;<br \/>\n<strong>mouvement<em> grunge<\/em><\/strong> des ann\u00e9es 90, etc.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>En effet, \u00e0 leur retour dans leurs universit\u00e9s respectives, les \u00e9tudiants b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019une <strong>forte l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 militante,<\/strong> ils sont \u00e9cout\u00e9s et respect\u00e9s. Ils feront partie des<strong><em> leaders<\/em> des mouvements sociaux des ann\u00e9es 60.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Exemples :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>dans le mouvement des<strong> Free Speech<\/strong> \u00e0 l\u2019automne 1964,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dans le mouvement <strong>contre la guerre au Vietnam,<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dans <strong>l\u2019\u00e9cologie <\/strong>o\u00f9 ils r\u00e9investiront des techniques militantes acquises au <em>Freedom Summer.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La mont\u00e9e du f\u00e9minisme \ud83d\udc96<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Les femmes qui ont particip\u00e9 au <em>Freedom Summer<\/em> vont rester globalement plus militantes que les hommes, car elles ont trouv\u00e9 dans le f\u00e9minisme une cause de remplacement quasi imm\u00e9diate aux combats pour les droits civiques.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/3oKIPieXUFFRDShloA\/giphy-downsized-large.gif\" alt=\"caroussel de photos de femmes qui manifestent pour le droit \u00e0 l'avortement\" style=\"width:412px;height:229px\" width=\"412\" height=\"229\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #3 = CPG3\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin de cours particuliers ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 27874cb7-7cca-4c68-a2e3-ea8000cbb55b --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #48b378;\">4 points<\/span> de plus sur ta <span style=\"color: #48b378;\">moyenne<\/span> avec nos profs Sherpas ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83d\udcc8\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les plus et les moins de l\u2019ouvrage de McAdam \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les plus \ud83d\udc96<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8cf370e7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p>\u2705 <strong>Approche longitudinale : <\/strong>il r\u00e9alise une \u00e9tude sur un temps long et regarde comment les personnes \u00e9voluent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Il se base sur <strong>plusieurs \u00e9chelles d\u2019observation :<\/strong> les <strong>exp\u00e9riences biographiques <\/strong>des participants et le contexte <strong>national<\/strong> et<strong> politique.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Effort de compr\u00e9hension des <strong>r\u00e9percussions de l\u2019engagement <\/strong>sur la biographie des acteurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Cet ouvrage permet de comprendre que <strong>l\u2019id\u00e9alisme ne suffit pas pour le militantisme<\/strong> et qu\u2019il y a besoin d\u2019une <strong>structure <\/strong>pour prolonger l\u2019action collective.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les moins \u2639\ufe0f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u274c Doug McAdam n\u2019\u00e9tudie pas les trajectoires des enfants des militants du <em>Freedom Summer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u274c Il ne revient pas non plus sur l\u2019importance des <strong>origines sociales.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u274c <strong>La religion<\/strong> en tant qu\u2019acteur central dans les biographies des volontaires n\u2019est pas suffisamment exploit\u00e9e. Il en parle beaucoup, mais ne l\u2019\u00e9tudie pas beaucoup. Pourtant, <strong>25 %<\/strong> des volontaires appartiennent \u00e0 un <strong>groupe religieux <\/strong>\u00e0 la veille du <em>Freedom Summer<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u274c Il parle \u00e9galement des <strong>communaut\u00e9s utopiques am\u00e9ricaines<\/strong>, mais ne d\u00e9veloppe pas assez ce point. En effet, une fois rentr\u00e9s chez eux, de nombreux \u00e9tudiants se sentent <strong>en marge de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 bourgeoise du Nord<\/strong>. Ils d\u00e9sirent retrouver le <strong>mode de vie communautaire<\/strong> qu\u2019ils ont exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 dans le sud, et pour certains plus radicaux, former des <strong>communaut\u00e9s utopiques.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1Communaut\u00e9s utopiques<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Les communaut\u00e9s utopiques am\u00e9ricaines sont des individus qui ont cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 mettre en place des <strong>soci\u00e9t\u00e9s id\u00e9ales<\/strong>, souvent <strong>en r\u00e9action aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s<\/strong>, aux <strong>injustices<\/strong> ou aux <strong>d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres sociaux de leur \u00e9poque.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Quelques exemples :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Les Shakers<\/em><\/strong> : fond\u00e9e au<strong> XVIIIe si\u00e8cle par Ann Lee,<\/strong> cette communaut\u00e9 visait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9galitaire bas\u00e9e sur le travail, la simplicit\u00e9 et la vie commune. Ils \u00e9taient connus pour leurs pratiques religieuses, leur artisanat de haute qualit\u00e9 et leur engagement envers la non-violence.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>New Harmony<\/em> <\/strong>: Robert Owen, un r\u00e9formateur social britannique, a cr\u00e9\u00e9 la communaut\u00e9 de New Harmony dans l&#8217;Indiana en <strong>1825.<\/strong> Il cherchait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une communaut\u00e9 utopique bas\u00e9e sur le socialisme coop\u00e9ratif, o\u00f9 les ressources seraient partag\u00e9es \u00e9quitablement.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Brook Farm :<\/em><\/strong> cr\u00e9\u00e9e en <strong>1841<\/strong> \u00e0 West Roxbury, Massachusetts, cette communaut\u00e9 \u00e9tait bas\u00e9e sur les id\u00e9aux transcendantalistes et visait \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9galitaire o\u00f9 le travail manuel et intellectuel serait valoris\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e9gale.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ressources \ud83d\udd25<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si tu as envie de creuser davantage le sujet, on te laisse une petite liste de ressources juste ici \ud83d\udc47<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfa5 le documentaire<em> Freedom Summer <\/em>(2014) de Stanley Nelson Jr,<br>\ud83c\udfa5 le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZOX36uYgMys\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZOX36uYgMys\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">documentaire<\/a> <em>1964 <\/em>: <em>Le combat pour un droit<\/em> | MPB, disponible sur <strong>Youtube,<\/strong><br>\ud83d\udcf9 la vid\u00e9o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1U9jxxTnM40\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Le Mississippi <em>Freedom Summer <\/em><\/a>| Dossiers FBI | True Crime Stories, disponible sur<strong> Youtube.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion \u2728<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En bref, cet ouvrage offre une analyse approfondie du <em>Freedom Summer <\/em>de 1964 et de son impact sur la lutte pour les droits civiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Il met en lumi\u00e8re le courage des militants et montre comment leur mobilisation a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 des changements significatifs dans la l\u00e9gislation et dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>On esp\u00e8re que tu as appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 cet article, n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 nous dire ce que tu en as pens\u00e9 en commentaire ! Et si tu souhaites impressionner tes copains, n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 prendre un <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/litterature\">cours particulier de litt\u00e9rature<\/a> avec l\u2019un de nos Sherpas ! \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;267246&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (4 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Freedom Summer, luttes pour les droits civiques de Doug McAdam - fiche de lecture \ud83d\udcd6&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (4 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On ne pouvait pas ne pas revenir sur ce classique de sociologie des mouvements sociaux ! Que ce (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":355,"featured_media":267290,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,825],"tag":[565],"class_list":["post-267246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-sociologie","tag-fiche-de-lecture"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/355"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=267246"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267246\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/267290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=267246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=267246"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=267246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}