{"id":265293,"date":"2023-10-04T16:08:22","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T14:08:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=265293"},"modified":"2023-10-04T20:13:44","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T18:13:44","slug":"lavoisier-chimie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/lavoisier-chimie\/","title":{"rendered":"Antoine Lavoisier : le p\u00e8re de la chimie moderne \ud83e\uddea\u200b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Durant la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, <strong>un nom incarne l&#8217;esprit audacieux de la science du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle : Lavoisier<\/strong>. Surnomm\u00e9 \u00ab le p\u00e8re de la chimie moderne \u00bb, ses d\u00e9couvertes ont red\u00e9fini notre compr\u00e9hension de la mati\u00e8re. Dans cet article, on va retracer le parcours de ce visionnaire, de ses d\u00e9buts en chimie \u00e0 ses derniers pas sur l&#8217;\u00e9chafaud. Pr\u00eat ? C\u2019est parti !\u200b \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>Rien ne se perd, <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">rien ne se cr\u00e9e,<\/span> tout se transforme.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Antoine Lavoisier<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Chimiste<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La carri\u00e8re multidisciplinaire de Lavoisier\u200b \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les d\u00e9buts d\u2019un grand chimiste\u200b \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\ud83d\udd2c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En cours, tu as s\u00fbrement entendu parler d\u2019Antoine Laurent Lavoisier en tant que<strong> chimiste renomm\u00e9, grand philosophe ou encore \u00e9conomiste fran\u00e7ais<\/strong>. Mais avant d\u2019\u00eatre associ\u00e9 \u00e0 ces disciplines, Lavoisier en a fait du chemin (comme tout le monde, quoi\u200b \ud83d\ude0e) !<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/v1.Y2lkPTc5MGI3NjExbDA2NXYyMmdxZDR0cmdoMWdxZmg3bTBrbm9meDhpejlnOHNnYXZ6byZlcD12MV9pbnRlcm5hbF9naWZfYnlfaWQmY3Q9Zw\/1YwUFTYI9eP6NYKmq8\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"Un oiseau danse sur une table.\" style=\"width:348px;height:342px\" width=\"348\" height=\"342\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Lavoisier entre dans la place !<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Le 26 ao\u00fbt 1743, date de sa naissance, il est baptis\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9glise catholique de Saint-Merri dans le 4\u1d49 arrondissement de Paris. \u00c9tant n\u00e9 dans une famille ais\u00e9e,<strong> Lavoisier fait partie des enfants privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s <\/strong>qui ont acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une tr\u00e8s bonne \u00e9ducation.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83d\udd0e Zoom sur les parents<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li><strong>Jean-Antoine Lavoisier :<\/strong> devenu <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/metier-davocat\/\">avocat<\/a> au Parlement de Paris.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00c9milie Punctis :<\/strong> \u00e9tant d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e jeune, son fils h\u00e9rite de la fortune familiale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 En 1754, \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2ge de onze ans,<strong> le jeune gar\u00e7on int\u00e8gre le coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations \u00e0 Paris<\/strong>, nomm\u00e9 ainsi en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 ces r\u00e9gions : l&#8217;Artois, l&#8217;Alsace, Pignerol et le Roussillon. L\u00e0-bas, il \u00e9tudie plusieurs mati\u00e8res qui contribueront \u00e0 fa\u00e7onner sa future carri\u00e8re. \u00c0 savoir :<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>la chimie ;<\/li>\n<li>la botanique ;<\/li>\n<li>l\u2019astronomie ;<\/li>\n<li>et les math\u00e9matiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1761, il ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas en si bon chemin et <strong>s\u2019inscrit \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de droit civil et canonique<\/strong>, une \u00e9cole destin\u00e9e \u00e0 la recherche, \u00e0 l&#8217;enseignement et \u00e0 la formation. On sent que son p\u00e8re \u00e9tait en droit, tu ne trouves pas ?\u200b \ud83e\udd14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu le bac dans cette facult\u00e9 eccl\u00e9siastique, <strong>Lavoisier d\u00e9croche en 1764 une licence en droit <\/strong>qui lui permet de s&#8217;inscrire au barreau de Paris. Cependant, il ne plaidera jamais devant les tribunaux. Comme quoi, le m\u00e9tier d\u2019avocat, ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas son truc !\u200b \ud83d\ude45<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83d\udca1 Le savais-tu ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Lorsqu\u2019il \u00e9tudie le droit et s\u2019int\u00e9resse aux sciences naturelles, <strong>Paris est impr\u00e9gn\u00e9e d\u2019un esprit encyclop\u00e9dique<\/strong>, soit un engouement pour la connaissance, la science et la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/apprendre-la-philosophie-chanson\/\">philosophie<\/a>. Toutes les conditions \u00e9taient r\u00e9unies pour piquer son int\u00e9r\u00eat au vif !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est \u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode qu\u2019il lit le <em>Dictionnaire de la chimie <\/em>de Pierre Macquer et commence ses travaux scientifiques. Il pr\u00e9sente ses premi\u00e8res \u00e9tudes<strong> lors d&#8217;une conf\u00e9rence \u00e0 l&#8217;Acad\u00e9mie des sciences <\/strong>en 1764 et r\u00e9v\u00e8le son engagement pr\u00e9coce dans la chimie exp\u00e9rimentale.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Autres \u00e9v\u00e9nements marquants<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>Il est laur\u00e9at du concours de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des sciences,<\/li>\n<li>il est reconnu pour un essai sur l&#8217;\u00e9clairage public,<\/li>\n<li>il re\u00e7oit au nom du roi une m\u00e9daille d&#8217;or,<\/li>\n<li>il assiste Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard, un botaniste,<\/li>\n<li>il est parrain\u00e9 par Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau,<\/li>\n<li>il est \u00e9lu membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des sciences le 18 mai 1768.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 En l\u2019espace de quelques ann\u00e9es seulement, Lavoisier passe de collaborateur de Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard \u00e0 <strong>chimiste si\u00e9geant au Louvre <\/strong>\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge de vingt-quatre ans.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zdWJqZWN0PUNoaW1pZSZzaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM1 Chimie\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div 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xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fabien2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fabien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n    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<svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n   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              <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Pierre2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Pierre<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESSEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                   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             <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&#8217;un <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">prof particulier<\/span> de chimie ? \u2728<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos Sherpas sont l\u00e0 pour t&#8217;aider \u00e0 progresser et prendre confiance en toi !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les hautes responsabilit\u00e9s de Lavoisier \u2197\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La fonction de fermier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u200b \ud83d\udcb0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s ses \u00e9tudes, Lavoisier se pose la fameuse question : que faire maintenant ? \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, plusieurs choses vont marquer son parcours. En 1768,<strong> il devient l&#8217;adjoint du fermier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Baudon<\/strong> avant d\u2019obtenir deux ans plus tard cette fonction aussi.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Fermier.gif\" alt=\"Un fermier danse dans l'herbe.\" class=\"wp-image-265353\" style=\"width:319px;height:382px\" width=\"319\" height=\"382\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Tu t\u2019en doutes, cette profession n\u2019a rien \u00e0 voir avec le fait de ramasser de la paille ou de nourrir des animaux. Il s\u2019agissait plut\u00f4t d\u2019<strong>une haute fonction dans les finances<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>Les fermiers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux collectaient des imp\u00f4ts pour l&#8217;\u00c9tat.<\/li>\n<li>Chaque fermier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral s\u2019occupait d\u2019une r\u00e9gion sp\u00e9cifique.<\/li>\n<li>Occuper ce poste \u00e9tait synonyme d\u2019\u00e9lite financi\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li>Ils recevaient des commissions sur les revenus fiscaux collect\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Lavoisier \u00e9tait charg\u00e9 de lutter contre la contrebande de tabac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour lui, ce travail \u00e9tait une aubaine puisqu\u2019il lui a fourni <strong>des ressources financi\u00e8res qui lui ont permis de poursuivre ses travaux <\/strong>et ses exp\u00e9riences en <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/comment-travailler-la-chimie-en-prepa-scientifique\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"188892\">chimie<\/a>. Il a notamment eu acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une balance servant \u00e0 effectuer des pes\u00e9es mol\u00e9culaires de divers gaz.\u200b \ud83e\udd29<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83d\udca1 Le savais-tu ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Pendant la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/dates-revolution-francaise\/\">R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/a>, <strong>les fermiers g\u00e9n\u00e9raux \u00e9taient tr\u00e8s impopulaires<\/strong>, car ils \u00e9taient li\u00e9s \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me fiscal injuste, in\u00e9quitable et monarchique. Cette position portera d\u2019ailleurs pr\u00e9judice \u00e0 Lavoisier, mais \u00e7a, tu le verras apr\u00e8s\u2026<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant quelques ann\u00e9es, ses hautes responsabilit\u00e9s l\u2019\u00e9cartent de ses recherches, m\u00eame s\u2019il ne les abandonnent pas. Pour le soutenir, <strong>Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, son \u00e9pouse depuis 1771<\/strong>, devient sa pr\u00e9cieuse collaboratrice scientifique. Elle l\u2019aide en traduisant des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/livre-en-anglais-facile\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"208048\">livres anglais<\/a>, en dessinant des instruments de laboratoire, etc. \u270d\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>\ud83d\udcdc <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/jules-verne\/\">Jules Verne<\/a> : le portrait d&#8217;un visionnaire !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le r\u00e9gisseur des poudres\u200b \ud83d\udca5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1775, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l&#8217;Aulne, \u00e9conomiste et homme politique fran\u00e7ais, fait de <strong>Lavoisier LE r\u00e9gisseur des poudres et salp\u00eatres<\/strong>. Le salp\u00eatre est une couche de nitrates qui sert \u00e0 fabriquer de la poudre explosive. Eh oui, rien que \u00e7a !\u200b \ud83d\ude33<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Dexter-labo.gif\" alt=\"Dexter court dans son labo, les cheveux en feu.\" class=\"wp-image-265354\" style=\"width:428px;height:321px\" width=\"428\" height=\"321\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Lavoisier et ses nouveaux stagiaires.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Pour surveiller la production et la gestion des explosifs, il r\u00e9side \u00e0 l&#8217;Arsenal de Paris, un d\u00e9p\u00f4t de munitions et d&#8217;armes de guerre royal. En plus du logement, <strong>on met \u00e0 sa disposition un laboratoire <\/strong>(c\u2019est Dexter \u00e0 ce stade).<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\u2b50 La contribution de Lavoisier<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>Il am\u00e9liore la qualit\u00e9 et la stabilit\u00e9 des explosifs,<\/li>\n<li>il m\u00e8ne des recherches sur la composition de la poudre \u00e0 canon,<\/li>\n<li>il \u00e9tablit des mesures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour \u00e9viter les accidents,<\/li>\n<li>ses travaux contribuent \u00e0 moderniser la production d&#8217;explosifs en France.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Lavoisier a aussi utilis\u00e9 ce labo pour poursuivre ses propres recherches. C\u2019est ce qui conduira finalement \u00e0 certaines de <strong>ses d\u00e9couvertes les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres en chimie<\/strong>. De quelles d\u00e9couvertes parle-t-on ? Voyons \u00e7a tout de suite !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>\ud83d\udca3 D\u00e9couvre la v\u00e9ritable histoire de la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/bombe-atomique\/\">bombe atomique<\/a> !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un chimiste visionnaire et r\u00e9volutionnaire \u2728<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La combustion et l&#8217;oxydation\u200b \u200b\ud83d\udd25<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1770, <strong>Lavoisier entreprend des recherches cruciales sur la combustion<\/strong>, un processus chimique dans lequel une substance r\u00e9agit avec de l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne pour produire de la chaleur. En travaillant l\u00e0-dessus, il se risque \u00e0 remettre en question une croyance largement accept\u00e9e \u00e0 son \u00e9poque : la th\u00e9orie du phlogistique.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Explication<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Selon cette th\u00e9orie (r\u00e9volue, hein !), les corps inflammables renferment un \u00ab \u00e9l\u00e9ment-flamme \u00bb, nomm\u00e9 \u00ab phlogiston \u00bb. Cette substance invisible et inodore est <strong>responsable de la combustion<\/strong> et s\u2019\u00e9chappe sous forme de feu et de lumi\u00e8re. On dirait de la magie dit comme \u00e7a, non ?<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 D\u2019apr\u00e8s Lavoisier,<strong> la combustion n&#8217;\u00e9tait pas due \u00e0 la lib\u00e9ration de phlogiston<\/strong>, mais plut\u00f4t \u00e0 une r\u00e9action chimique n\u00e9e de la rencontre entre l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne de l&#8217;air et une substance combustible.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83e\uddea L\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Lavoisier<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>D\u00e9terminer la masse d\u2019une quantit\u00e9 de carbone,<\/li>\n<li>placer le carbone dans un r\u00e9cipient ferm\u00e9 et herm\u00e9tique,<\/li>\n<li>chauffer le carbone pour provoquer sa combustion,<\/li>\n<li>peser \u00e0 nouveau le contenu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>En proc\u00e9dant ainsi, Lavoisier a pu voir que<strong> la masse totale \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du r\u00e9cipient \u00e9tait la m\u00eame qu&#8217;au d\u00e9but de l&#8217;exp\u00e9rience<\/strong>. Cette observation a permis de r\u00e9futer la th\u00e9orie du phlogistique qui mettait en avant que la combustion impliquait une perte de masse.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Muppet-flamme.gif\" alt=\"Une marionnette attend dans les flammes.\" class=\"wp-image-265362\" style=\"width:446px;height:304px\" width=\"446\" height=\"304\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Les adeptes de la th\u00e9orie du phlogistique.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Pour toi, ces infos sont peut-\u00eatre basiques, mais pour l\u2019\u00e9poque, <strong>ces d\u00e9couvertes \u00e9taient r\u00e9volutionnaires<\/strong>. Lavoisier a pos\u00e9 les bases de la chimie moderne et a marqu\u00e9 le d\u00e9but d\u2019une v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9volution chimique !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>\u200b\ud83d\udc89 <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/louis-pasteur\/\">Louis Pasteur<\/a> : d\u00e9couverte d&#8217;un vaccin, mais pas que !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La composition de l\u2019eau et de l\u2019air\u200b \ud83d\udca7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Au fil de ses exp\u00e9riences, Lavoisier parvient \u00e0 <strong>identifier de nouveaux \u00e9l\u00e9ments chimiques (l&#8217;azote et l&#8217;hydrog\u00e8ne) <\/strong>et aide ainsi les scientifiques \u00e0 mieux comprendre l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Pour t\u2019aider, voici un petit r\u00e9cap :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1990\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1990\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><th class=\"column-2\">Air<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Eau<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Composants principaux<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Dioxyg\u00e8ne (O2)<br \/>\nAzote (N2)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">Dioxyg\u00e8ne (O2)<br \/>\nHydrog\u00e8ne (H2)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1990 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<p>En \u00e9tudiant la respiration des \u00eatres vivants, <strong>le chimiste identifie aussi le r\u00f4le central de l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne dans ce processus<\/strong>. Il comprend que les \u00eatres vivants inhalent de l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne et expirent du dioxyde de carbone lorsqu\u2019ils respirent.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83e\uddea L\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Lavoisier<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Dans son <em>Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de chimie<\/em> (1789), il d\u00e9crit une exp\u00e9rience qu&#8217;il a men\u00e9e avec un matras (un vase). Apr\u00e8s avoir introduit du mercure \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur,<strong> il s\u2019est produit une transformation chimique<\/strong>. Le dioxyg\u00e8ne de l&#8217;air a r\u00e9agi avec le mercure pour cr\u00e9er une substance rouge appel\u00e9e oxyde de mercure, not\u00e9e HgO.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses recherches sur l&#8217;O2 et le CO2, Lavoisier a donc compris que<strong> la mati\u00e8re \u00e9tait constitu\u00e9e d&#8217;esp\u00e8ces chimiques et non d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments <\/strong>(feu, terre, eau et air) comme les anciens chimistes le croyaient.\u200b \ud83e\uddd0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 \u200bPlus tard, ses exp\u00e9riences sur le dioxyde de carbone aboutiront m\u00eame \u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre loi de Lavoisier, loi qu\u2019on va te pr\u00e9senter maintenant !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a  href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/chimie\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/alex-kondratiev-H9t723yPjYI-unsplash-e1614706136333.jpg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/alex-kondratiev-H9t723yPjYI-unsplash-e1614706136333.jpg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/alex-kondratiev-H9t723yPjYI-unsplash-e1614706136333.jpg\"\n                                    alt=\"Annales de chimie CCP\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Besoin d&#8217;aide en chimie ? On te re\u00e7oit cinq sur cinq ! Contacte un Sherpa et \u00e9tablissez ensemble un programme adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 100% \u00e0 tes besoins. \u200b\ud83d\ude0a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Cartonne en chimie\n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La loi de la conservation de la mati\u00e8re \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lavoisier a prouv\u00e9 que, m\u00eame si la mati\u00e8re change d&#8217;\u00e9tat au cours d&#8217;une r\u00e9action chimique, <strong>la quantit\u00e9 de mati\u00e8re est identique <\/strong>au d\u00e9but et \u00e0 la fin de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience. C&#8217;est la loi de Lavoisier, aussi appel\u00e9e \u00ab loi de conservation de la mati\u00e8re \u00bb ou \u00ab loi de la conservation de la masse \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>Rien ne se perd, <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">rien ne se cr\u00e9e,<\/span> tout se transforme.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Antoine Lavoisier<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Chimiste<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Sa c\u00e9l\u00e8bre citation r\u00e9sume parfaitement le principe de cette loi puisqu\u2019elle signifie que<strong> la quantit\u00e9 totale de mati\u00e8re dans l&#8217;univers reste constante<\/strong>. Lorsqu&#8217;une substance subit une transformation, elle peut changer de forme ou de composition, mais la quantit\u00e9 totale de mati\u00e8re ne change pas. En d\u2019autres termes, rien ne se perd et rien ne se cr\u00e9e !\u200b \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 La conservation de la mati\u00e8re dans un changement physique et chimique :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1991\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1991\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Exp\u00e9rience physique<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Exp\u00e9rience chimique<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">On p\u00e8se un bocal rempli de gla\u00e7ons. Une fois la glace fondue, on (re)p\u00e8se et on voit que la masse totale est toujours la m\u00eame.<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">On chauffe de la poudre de cuivre (orange \u00e0 l\u2019origine) et on voit qu\u2019elle devient noire et granuleuse \u00e0 la fin de la combustion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1991 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ces deux cas,<strong> tu obtiens un r\u00e9sultat diff\u00e9rent de ta formule initiale, mais la masse reste la m\u00eame<\/strong>. La glace devient de l\u2019eau et la combustion de la poudre de cuivre donne naissance \u00e0 de nouveaux produits, mais il n\u2019y a aucune perte.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zdWJqZWN0PUNoaW1pZSZzaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM2 Chimie\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Margot2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Margot<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Arts et M\u00e9tiers ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    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class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emma2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Dauphine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">15\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">cours particulier<\/span> de chimie est <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">offert<\/span> ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Tous nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles de France !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J\u2019EN PROFITE !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La nomenclature des \u00e9l\u00e9ments chimiques\u200b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1787, l&#8217;\u00e9diteur Cuchet publie <em>M\u00e9thode de nomenclature chimique<\/em>, un trait\u00e9 scientifique \u00e9crit par Antoine Lavoisier et ses collaborateurs. Ce livre est une p\u00e9pite puisqu\u2019il repr\u00e9sente<strong> la premi\u00e8re tentative de classification m\u00e9thodique <\/strong>des \u00e9l\u00e9ments chimiques. \ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Dans ce tableau, tu trouves six colonnes principales :<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ol>\n<li>Substances non d\u00e9compos\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li>Mises \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tat de gaz par le calorique.<\/li>\n<li>Combin\u00e9es avec l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne.<\/li>\n<li>Oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9es gazeuses.<\/li>\n<li>Oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9es avec bases.<\/li>\n<li>Combin\u00e9es sans \u00eatre port\u00e9es \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tat d&#8217;acide.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Tu ne comprends rien ? C\u2019est normal ! Ces qualifications peuvent te sembler d\u00e9routantes, car <strong>elles sont sp\u00e9cifiques \u00e0 la nomenclature chimique de l&#8217;\u00e9poque<\/strong>. Elles ne correspondent plus \u00e0 notre compr\u00e9hension moderne des bases de la chimie. Pour en savoir plus, tu peux prendre des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/chimie\/online\">cours particuliers de chimie en ligne<\/a> !\u200b \ud83d\ude04<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 D\u00e9cortiquons ces colonnes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ol>\n<li>Substances chimiques consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des \u00e9l\u00e9ments indivisibles.<\/li>\n<li>Substances solides, liquides ou gazeuses sous l\u2019effet de la chaleur.<\/li>\n<li>Substances pouvant \u00eatre combin\u00e9es avec l&#8217;oxyg\u00e8ne.<\/li>\n<li>Substances formant des compos\u00e9s gazeux.<\/li>\n<li>Substances pouvant \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9es de \u00ab bases \u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>Substances pouvant former des compos\u00e9s sans devenirs des acides.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>\ud83e\uddea Le <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/tableau-de-mendeleiev\/\">tableau p\u00e9riodique de Mendele\u00efev<\/a> : enfin expliqu\u00e9 !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mort, hommage et h\u00e9ritage \ud83d\udcab<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La condamnation de Lavoisier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Si Lavoisier \u00e9tait un \u00e9minent chimiste fran\u00e7ais, il a aussi eu d\u2019importantes fonctions dans l\u2019administration et la finance qui n\u2019\u00e9taient pas au go\u00fbt de tous. Malgr\u00e9 ses contributions \u00e0 la science, <strong>il n&#8217;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9pargn\u00e9 par le climat politique r\u00e9volutionnaire<\/strong> de l\u2019\u00e9poque\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Les dates cl\u00e9s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li><strong>1792 :<\/strong> Lavoisier est expuls\u00e9 de son laboratoire de l&#8217;Arsenal.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1793 :<\/strong> la Convention arr\u00eate les membres de la Ferme g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1794 :<\/strong> il est emprisonn\u00e9 par le Comit\u00e9 de salut public.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Le 8 mai 1794, <strong>Lavoisier est condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 mort et accus\u00e9 de conspiration<\/strong> contre la R\u00e9volution. Comme on te l\u2019a dit, le m\u00e9tier de fermier g\u00e9n\u00e9ral n\u2019avait pas la cote sous l&#8217;Ancien R\u00e9gime. Ceux qui l&#8217;exer\u00e7aient \u00e9taient per\u00e7us comme des tra\u00eetres qui affamaient le peuple.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Un-juge-frappe-avec-son-marteau.gif\" alt=\"Un juge rend son verdict avec un marteau\" class=\"wp-image-265357\" style=\"width:448px;height:338px\" width=\"448\" height=\"338\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Le juge avant que Lavoisier n&#8217;ait ouvert la bouche.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Malgr\u00e9 tout, le m\u00e9decin Jean No\u00ebl Hall\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentera aux juges un rapport qui \u00e9num\u00e8re les services rendus par le chimiste \u00e0 la patrie. On appr\u00e9cie le geste, mais ce ne sera pas suffisant. Le juriste r\u00e9volutionnaire <strong>Coffinhal-Dubail prononcera la peine capitale : la guillotine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">La R\u00e9publique n&#8217;a pas besoin de savants<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">;<\/span> il faut que la justice suive son cours.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Coffinhal-Dubail<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Juriste et r\u00e9volutionnaire<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Le 9 mai 1794, <strong>Joseph Louis de Lagrange, math\u00e9maticien et astronome<\/strong>, dira \u00e0 son confr\u00e8re Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre qu\u2019il \u00ab ne leur a fallu qu&#8217;un moment pour faire tomber cette t\u00eate et cent ann\u00e9es peut-\u00eatre ne suffiront pas pour en reproduire une semblable \u00bb.\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>\ud83d\ude80 <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/katherine-johnson\/\">Katherine Johnson<\/a>\u00a0: la scientifique sortie de l\u2019ombre !<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une reconnaissance \u00e9ternelle \u2b50<\/h3>\n\n\n<section class=\"slider\">\n    <div >\n        <div class=\"slider__container\">\n            <div class=\"swiper\">\n                <div class=\"slider__header\">\n                    <div class=\"slider__header-title\">\n                        <p><p>Quelques hommages en images !<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"slider__header-navigation\">\n                        <div class=\"slider__header-navigation-arrow slider__header-navigation-arrow--prev\">\n                            <svg>\n                                <use\n                                    xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#navigation-left\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"slider__header-navigation-pages\"><\/div>\n                        <div class=\"slider__header-navigation-arrow slider__header-navigation-arrow--next\">\n                            <svg>\n                                <use\n                                    xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#navigation-right\" \/>\n                            <\/svg>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                                                                                                <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Lavoisier-Tour-Eiffel.jpg\" alt=\"Lavoisier\">\n                                    <p>Le nom de Lavoisier est inscrit sur la tour Eiffel, fa\u00e7ade Trocad\u00e9ro.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                                                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Lavoisier-Paris.jpg\" alt=\"Lavoisier\">\n                                    <p>Lavoisier est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 sur l&#8217;H\u00f4tel de Ville de la capitale.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                                                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Lune-Lavoisier.jpg\" alt=\"Lavoisier\">\n                                    <p>En 1935, l&#8217;Union astronomique internationale a donn\u00e9 son nom \u00e0 un crat\u00e8re lunaire.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                                                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Lavoisier-musee.jpg\" alt=\"Lavoisier\">\n                                    <p>Un buste de Lavoisier est install\u00e9 dans le mus\u00e9e de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise.<\/p>\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                        <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L&#8217;influence de Lavoisier\u200b \ud83d\udcd6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En partant, Lavoisier a laiss\u00e9 derri\u00e8re lui <strong>de nombreux \u00e9crits et travaux essentiels<\/strong> dans divers domaines. Voici quelques exemples d\u2019ouvrages :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udca7 <strong>G\u00e9ologie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Instruction sur l&#8217;\u00e9tablissement des nitri\u00e8res et sur la fabrication du salp\u00eatre <\/em>(1777)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Analyse de l&#8217;eau du lac asphaltite<\/em> (1778)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udd25 <strong>Thermique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>M\u00e9moire sur la chaleur<\/em> (1780)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Rapport fait \u00e0 l&#8217;Acad\u00e9mie des sciences, sur la machine a\u00e9rostatique<\/em> (1783)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83e\uddea <strong>Chimie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Opuscules physiques et chimiques<\/em> (1774)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales sur la nature des acides<\/em> (1778)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Essai d&#8217;un art de fusion \u00e0 l&#8217;aide de l&#8217;air du feu ou air vital<\/em> (1787)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de chimie<\/em> (1789)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udcb0 <strong>\u00c9conomie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>De la richesse territoriale du royaume de France<\/em> (1791)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>De l&#8217;\u00e9tat des finances de France<\/em> (1792)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u270d\ufe0f <strong>Posthumes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Collection de divers ouvrages d&#8217;arithm\u00e9tique politique<\/em> (1796)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>M\u00e9moires de physique et de chimie<\/em> (1805)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Maintenant que tu sais tout sur Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, alias \u00ab le p\u00e8re de la chimie moderne \u00bb, il ne te reste plus qu\u2019\u00e0 parler \u00e0 tes amis de l\u2019incroyable (et tragique) parcours de ce chimiste audacieux. Si tu veux <strong>en savoir plus sur les autres savants de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/strong>, tu peux prendre des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/histoire\">cours particuliers d&#8217;histoire<\/a>. \u00c0 bient\u00f4t !\u200b \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;265293&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;4.9&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;4.9\\\/5 - (10 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Antoine Lavoisier : le p\u00e8re de la chimie moderne \ud83e\uddea\u200b&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;139.6&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 139.6px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            4.9\/5 - (10 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Durant la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, un nom incarne l&#8217;esprit audacieux de la science du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle : Lavoisier. Surnomm\u00e9 (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":265349,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,812],"tag":[358,781],"class_list":["post-265293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-physique-chimie-2","tag-france","tag-portraits"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/329"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=265293"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/265293\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/265349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=265293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=265293"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=265293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}