{"id":260896,"date":"2023-07-12T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-07-12T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=260896"},"modified":"2025-01-07T12:05:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T11:05:00","slug":"frontieres-maritimes-delimitations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/frontieres-maritimes-delimitations\/","title":{"rendered":"Zones et fronti\u00e8res maritimes : comment sont-elles d\u00e9limit\u00e9es ? \ud83c\udf0a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Qu\u2019est ce qu\u2019une zone \u00e9conomique exclusive ? De quand datent les fronti\u00e8res maritimes ? Quel droit s\u2019y applique ? Les zones maritimes sont un vrai casse-t\u00eate ! Tu veux <strong>tout comprendre sur ces d\u00e9limitations et leurs enjeux strat\u00e9giques, commerciaux et environnementaux <\/strong>? Alors c\u2019est parti ! \ud83d\udea4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u2019est quoi une zone maritime ?&nbsp;\ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Une zone maritime est <strong>un espace d\u00e9limit\u00e9<\/strong>, dans la mer ou les oc\u00e9ans, sur lequel s\u2019applique <strong>une l\u00e9gislation pr\u00e9cise. <\/strong>Tu peux imaginer \u00e7a comme des fronti\u00e8res trac\u00e9es dans la mer, qui permettent aux \u00c9tats de s\u2019approprier certaines eaux au large de leurs c\u00f4tes.&nbsp;\ud83d\udea9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une fronti\u00e8re dans la mer, \u00e7a peut te sembler \u00e9trange. C\u2019est vrai que pendant longtemps, la mer \u00e9tait un espace qui n\u2019appartenait \u00e0 personne : bien que le commerce maritime existait d\u00e9j\u00e0 avant le XXe si\u00e8cle, il n\u2019y avait pas de l\u00e9gislation globale en place. Le droit \u00e9tait plut\u00f4t coutumier, et limit\u00e9 aux contentieux entre personnes. \ud83e\udd1d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hormis les eaux proches des c\u00f4tes, soit jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 3 milles marins (environ 5 km), o\u00f9 les pays exer\u00e7aient un certain contr\u00f4le, <strong>la libert\u00e9 de circulation et d\u2019exploitation y \u00e9tait totale !&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/FreedomGIF.gif\" alt=\"jack sur le titanic libre de naviguer sur la mer\" class=\"wp-image-260931\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/les-grands-navigateurs\/\">Les grands navigateurs : qui \u00e9taient-ils ? \ud83d\udd2e<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>En 1918, dans son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre discours des quatorze points, <strong>le pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis Woodrow Wilson<\/strong> disait d\u2019ailleurs qu\u2019il fallait :<br><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>Une <span style=\"color: #00ffff\">absolue libert\u00e9 de navigation<\/span> sur les mers, <span style=\"color: #00ffff\">en dehors des eaux territoriales,<\/span> en temps de paix, aussi bien qu&#8217;en temps de guerre, sauf si les mers doivent \u00eatre en partie ou totalement ferm\u00e9es afin de permettre l&#8217;application d&#8217;alliances internationales.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Woodrow Wilson<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\"><\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais au d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle, de plus en plus d\u2019\u00c9tats voulaient avoir<strong> acc\u00e8s aux ressources<\/strong> des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/les-continents-du-monde-cours\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"220974\">oc\u00e9ans<\/a> et <strong>revendiquaient le contr\u00f4le de la circulation <\/strong>au large de leurs c\u00f4tes. Il a donc fallu mettre de l\u2019ordre dans tout \u00e7a. <\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/geopolitique\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/conseiller-en-insertion-professionnelle-metier.jpeg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/conseiller-en-insertion-professionnelle-metier.jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/conseiller-en-insertion-professionnelle-metier.jpeg\"\n                                    alt=\"Cours particulier\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Tu gal\u00e8res avec tes cours de g\u00e9opolitique ? Trouve ton prof particulier chez les Sherpas !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Choisis ton prof ! \n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mais alors, qui a d\u00e9termin\u00e9 les fronti\u00e8res maritimes ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est <strong>l\u2019Organisation des Nations unies (ONU)<\/strong> qui a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de fixer des r\u00e8gles afin d\u2019\u00e9viter les conflits. \ud83d\udccf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f <strong>En 1956 se tient la Premi\u00e8re Convention des Nations unies sur le Droit de la mer <\/strong>(CNUDM) \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve (en Suisse) : elle donne lieu \u00e0 4 trait\u00e9s qui fixent les <strong>premi\u00e8res r\u00e9glementations<\/strong> li\u00e9es au droit de la mer, par exemple en rapport avec la p\u00eache ou avec la pr\u00e9servation des espaces. \u00c7a y est : les <strong>notions de haute mer, mer territoriale et zone contigu\u00eb apparaissent !&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f<strong> En 1973 l&#8217;ONU organise la 3e CNUDM<\/strong>, qui s\u2019ach\u00e8ve en <strong>1982 \u00e0 Montego Bay<\/strong> (en Jama\u00efque) : elle fixe plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les <strong>d\u00e9limitations des zones maritimes<\/strong> et le droit de les exploiter. Clairement, les n\u00e9gociations \u00e9taient rudes puisqu\u2019il a fallu presque 10 ans pour arriver \u00e0 trouver un terrain d\u2019entente !&nbsp;\ud83d\ude32<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NobodyLeavesUntilWeWorkThisOutMediateGIF.gif?func=bound&amp;w=498&amp;h=280\" alt=\"les n\u00e9gociations pour d\u00e9limiter les fronti\u00e8res maritimes\" class=\"wp-image-260929\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est bien joli d\u2019\u00e9tablir des r\u00e8gles, mais il faut les faire respecter ! C\u2019est pour \u00e7a qu\u2019un <strong>Tribunal international du droit de la mer<\/strong> est \u00e9galement cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour r\u00e9soudre les conflits li\u00e9s \u00e0 ces fronti\u00e8res. \ud83e\uddd1\u200d\u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 ces longues discussions, tout le monde n\u2019est pas hyper emball\u00e9 par cet accord : certains membres de l&#8217;ONU ne ratifient pas la convention, comme l&#8217;Erythr\u00e9e ou Ta\u00efwan. \ud83d\ude2c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f <strong>En 1994 la Convention de Montego Bay entre en vigueur<\/strong>, apr\u00e8s l\u2019adh\u00e9sion d\u2019un 60e membre.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\uddd3\ufe0f <strong>En 2022 168 \u00c9tats avaient sign\u00e9<\/strong> la convention. Seuls 4 \u00c9tats c\u00f4tiers n\u2019ont pas ratifi\u00e9 le trait\u00e9 et pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent faire cavalier seul&nbsp; : Isra\u00ebl, la Turquie, le Venezuela et les \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi sont-elles si importantes ? \ud83d\udea9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Si les discussions ont pris autant de temps, ce n\u2019est pas pour rien ! Les espaces maritimes repr\u00e9sentent un v\u00e9ritable enjeu de richesse et de pouvoir pour les Etats. Chacun veut avoir sa part !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une importance li\u00e9e au commerce et au tourisme \ud83d\udef3\ufe0f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> Ce n\u2019est pas un tiers, ni m\u00eame la moiti\u00e9, mais bien <strong>80% du commerce mondial qui est effectu\u00e9 via des routes maritimes ! <\/strong>&nbsp;Les porte-conteneurs permettent notamment le transport des marchandises lourdes. Le transport par bateau est <strong>peu co\u00fbteux<\/strong> par comparaison avec d\u2019autres moyens d\u2019acheminement (avion, camion\u2026) du fait d\u2019une importante capacit\u00e9 de stockage.&nbsp;\ud83d\udce4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Poss\u00e9der des eaux qui se situent sur une route maritime majeure, comme celles qui passent par le <strong>canal de Panama <\/strong>ou le<strong> d\u00e9troit de Malacca<\/strong>, est <strong>un avantage commercial consid\u00e9rable.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> Tu as \u00e9galement <strong>le tourisme de croisi\u00e8re <\/strong>qui est une activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique non n\u00e9gligeable; Des paquebots et des navires de plaisance circulent beaucoup dans certaines mers (M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, des Cara\u00efbes\u2026). Cela conduit \u00e0 la construction de <strong>nombreuses infrastructures littorales, <\/strong>parfois au d\u00e9triment de la biodiversit\u00e9. \ud83e\udd88<br><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #1 = CPG1\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Olivier2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Olivier<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">La Sorbonne<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">13\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Agathe2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Agathe<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier cours particulier est offert ! <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><!-- notionvc: 91b6b7d7-50f2-46f4-ae1f-ecbabe834aad --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles et universit\u00e9s.<!-- notionvc: 21bb66b6-b36d-4ce8-8950-173722d75a1e --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: #ffffff; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&#8217;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une importance li\u00e9e aux ressources&nbsp;\ud83e\ude99<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> <strong>Les oc\u00e9ans regorgent de ressources p\u00e9troli\u00e8res et gazi\u00e8res <\/strong>: 30 % du p\u00e9trole et 27 % du gaz proviennent des gisements <em>off-shore<\/em>, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire au large des c\u00f4tes ! \ud83d\udee2\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f Dans le domaine de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, tu peux aussi compter <strong>les parcs d\u2019\u00e9oliennes en mer,<\/strong> qui fonctionnent soit \u00e0 la force des vents, soit \u00e0 celle des mar\u00e9es ou courants marins. \ud83c\udf2c\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> Les terres rares, m\u00e9taux et min\u00e9raux des sous-sols<\/strong>, pour l\u2019instant difficiles \u00e0 exploiter, sont tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressants pour les \u00c9tats. Dans les fonds marins, tu peux trouver des nodules polym\u00e9talliques, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire des roches qui contiennent beaucoup de m\u00e9taux rares (cobalt, nickel&#8230;), et <strong>qui entrent dans la composition des batteries des appareils \u00e9lectroniques.<\/strong> Ton futur t\u00e9l\u00e9phone sera peut \u00eatre fait \u00e0 partir des m\u00e9taux des oc\u00e9ans ! \ud83d\udcf1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> <strong>Le sable<\/strong> est une ressource essentielle, \u00e0 laquelle tu ne penses pas forc\u00e9ment et qui entre pourtant dans <strong>la composition du b\u00e9ton et du verre, <\/strong>utilis\u00e9s pour les constructions. \ud83c\udfd8\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/StarWarsStormtrooperGIF.gif?func=bound&amp;w=498&amp;h=498\" alt=\"stormtrooper qui construit un ch\u00e2teau de sable avec les ressources maritimes\" class=\"wp-image-260943\" style=\"width:386px;height:386px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>C&#8217;est pas comme \u00e7a que t&#8217;arriveras \u00e0 construire ta maison !<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> <strong>Les ressources halieutiques<\/strong>, les produits de la p\u00eache, participent \u00e0 nourrir la population ou aux \u00e9changes commerciaux. Tu reprendras bien un peu de sardine ? \ud83d\udc1f<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>Le savais-tu ? \ud83d\udc40<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>Dans le monde, une personne consomme en moyenne chaque ann\u00e9e <strong>plus de 20 kg de produits alimentaires d\u2019origine aquatique<\/strong>. Pour 3,3 milliards de personnes, ces produits repr\u00e9sentent au moins 20 % de leur apport moyen en prot\u00e9ines animales. \ud83e\udd90\ud83e\udd91<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une importance li\u00e9e aux aspects g\u00e9ostrat\u00e9giques et \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense nationale \u2694\ufe0f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le contr\u00f4le de ces espaces et des navires qui y circulent passe par<strong> le d\u00e9veloppement de flottes militaris\u00e9es. <\/strong>Concr\u00e8tement, elles permettent de <strong>garder la main sur le trafic maritime<\/strong> et de potentiellement agir contre des actes de piraterie ou de commerces ill\u00e9gaux (armes, drogues&#8230;).&nbsp;\ud83c\udff4\u200d\u2620\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien prot\u00e9ger ses espaces maritimes est essentiel<strong> dans les strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9fense nationale<\/strong>. Pour les pays essentiellement c\u00f4tiers, les littoraux sont des <strong>espaces vuln\u00e9rables aux attaques<\/strong>, et avoir une puissance navale cons\u00e9quente est dissuasif. Par exemple, dans <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/geopolitique-conflit-chine-taiwan-enjeux\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"189462\">le conflit entre Ta\u00efwan et la Chine,<\/a> qui revendique l\u2019\u00eele, la possession de <strong>bases militaires navales<\/strong>, de <strong>porte-avions<\/strong>, de <strong>sous-marins, <\/strong>mais aussi de dispositifs de surveillance (radars) donne \u00e0 la Chine un avantage cons\u00e9quent si le conflit venait \u00e0 \u00e9clater. \ud83d\udca5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les fronti\u00e8res maritimes existantes <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Le trait\u00e9 de Montego Bay<\/strong> <strong>a d\u00e9limit\u00e9 plusieurs lignes de d\u00e9marcation <\/strong>avec une distance \u00e0 la c\u00f4te propre et un droit pr\u00e9cis qui s\u2019y applique. \u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"410\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png\" alt=\"d\u00e9limitation mer territoriale, zone contig\u00fce, ZEE\" class=\"wp-image-260941\" style=\"width:340px;height:508px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=410 410w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=201 201w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=84 84w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=182 182w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=288 288w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=249 249w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=252 252w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=40 40w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/delimitation-frontieres-maritimes.png?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udc49 La mer territoriale :<\/strong> jusqu\u2019\u00e0 12 milles marins (soit environ 22 km) des c\u00f4tes. L\u2019\u00c9tat exerce sa <strong>souverainet\u00e9 nationale sur les eaux, les fonds marins et les ressources du sous-sol<\/strong>. Personne ne peut les lui piquer ! Il peut exercer ses r\u00e9glementations, mais doit laisser passer les navires civils et militaires s\u2019ils ne pr\u00e9sentent pas de danger. \ud83d\udee5\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\ud83d\udc49 <\/strong>La zone contigu\u00eb :<\/strong> jusqu\u2019\u00e0 24 milles (44 km) des c\u00f4tes. L\u2019\u00c9tat peut <strong>exercer des contr\u00f4les policiers, douaniers, fiscaux, et sanitaires <\/strong>pour emp\u00eacher ou r\u00e9primer des infractions. En clair, il a donc <strong>des droits de poursuite et d\u2019arrestation<\/strong>, mais uniquement dans ces domaines. Gare \u00e0 vous pirates !&nbsp;\ud83d\ude20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\ud83d\udc49 <\/strong>La ZEE (zone \u00e9conomique exclusive) <\/strong>: jusqu\u2019\u00e0 200 milles (370 km) des c\u00f4tes. Cette aire donne \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat concern\u00e9 des<strong> droits d\u2019exploitation et de gestion des ressources<\/strong>. L\u2019\u00c9tat c\u00f4tier doit cependant assurer la libert\u00e9 de navigation, de survol, de p\u00eache, de pose de c\u00e2bles et de pipeline. Une simple infrastructure peut permettre de revendiquer une mer territoriale, mais <strong>seule une terre habit\u00e9e donne acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une ZEE.<\/strong> Et oui, un petit rocher ne suffit pas !&nbsp;\ud83e\udea8<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>\u26a0\ufe0f Certains \u00c9tats ont la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019effectuer <strong>une demande aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019ONU<\/strong> pour obtenir une <strong>extension de leur espace maritime<\/strong>. En fait, si le <strong>plateau continental <\/strong>se prolonge, m\u00eame sous la mer, un pays peut obtenir<strong> jusqu\u2019\u00e0 350 milles suppl\u00e9mentaires (563 km).<\/strong> Cela lui donne acc\u00e8s aux ressources des sols et sous-sols marins, mais n\u2019\u00e9tend pas sa ZEE. \u274c<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\ud83d\udc49 <\/strong>la haute mer <\/strong>: au-del\u00e0 de 200 miles (ou 350 milles en cas d\u2019extension), elle repr\u00e9sente <strong>environ 64 % de la surface des oc\u00e9ans<\/strong>. Aucun droit national ne s\u2019y applique, et la <strong>libert\u00e9 de navigation, de survol et de pose de c\u00e2ble y est totale<\/strong>. Les fonds marins sont g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l\u2019Autorit\u00e9 internationale des fonds marins : c\u2019est avec elle qu\u2019il faut conclure des contrats pour avoir le droit d\u2019exploiter les ressources des sols et sous-sols de haute mer. \ud83c\udf0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les espaces ainsi d\u00e9termin\u00e9s ne sont pas planes, au contraire ! Il faut imaginer une large zone verticale, qui comprend un espace a\u00e9rien et qui descend sous le niveau de la mer pour inclure un espace sous-maritime ! \u2195\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>Le cas des fronti\u00e8res maritimes fran\u00e7aises \ud83d\udc40<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">La ZEE fran\u00e7aise est la deuxi\u00e8me plus vaste au monde<\/strong> apr\u00e8s les \u00c9tats-Unis (m\u00eame si tu pourras parfois la trouver en 1re position en fonction des m\u00e9thodes de calcul), et s\u2019\u00e9tend sur <strong>plus de 11 millions de km\u00b2<\/strong>. C\u2019est d\u00fb aux <strong>nombreux territoires ultramarins <\/strong>(les d\u00e9partements comme la Martinique, mais aussi les territoires plus autonomes comme Wallis-et-Futuna) qui repr\u00e9sentent <strong>97 % du domaine maritime fran\u00e7ais.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 titre de comparaison, les zones maritimes de France m\u00e9tropolitaine ne repr\u00e9sentent que 350 000 km\u00b2. La France poss\u00e8de aussi le <strong>1er territoire sous-maritime<\/strong> au monde, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019extension des plateaux continentaux, qui s\u2019\u00e9tend sur plus de 12 millions de km\u00b2. <strong>\ud83d\ude32<\/strong><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"642\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=642 642w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=300 300w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=200 200w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=396 396w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=288 288w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=610 610w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=265 265w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=60 60w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Zone-economique-exclusive-france.png?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>En bleu fonc\u00e9, les zones maritimes fran\u00e7aises<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/empire-colonial-francais\/\">L\u2019Empire colonial fran\u00e7ais (partie 1) \ud83c\udf0e<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/fin-de-la-colonisation\/\">L\u2019Empire colonial fran\u00e7ais (partie 2)\ud83c\udf0d<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les d\u00e9limitations maritimes qui font d\u00e9bat \u2694\ufe0f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bon, tu l\u2019as bien compris, on ne plaisante pas avec les fronti\u00e8res maritimes. Pourtant, au vu des enjeux qu\u2019elles repr\u00e9sentent, tu te doutes qu\u2019<strong>il existe des conflits<\/strong>\u2026 <strong>Plusieurs pays peuvent revendiquer la souverainet\u00e9 <\/strong>sur une aire, surtout lorsque leurs aires maritimes se superposent. <strong>Certaines \u00eeles sont au c\u0153ur des revendications :<\/strong> poss\u00e9der une \u00eele ou un \u00eelot, aussi minuscule qu\u2019elle ou ilil soit, donne acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une zone maritime, voire une ZEE si elle ou il a des habitants. C\u2019est la CPA, la Cour permanente d\u2019arbitrage (CPA) qui s\u2019efforce de r\u00e9gler les diff\u00e9rends entre \u00c9tats. <\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>La Cour permanente d&#8217;arbitrage \ud83d\udc69\u200d\u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\"> La CPA<\/strong> est la premi\u00e8re <strong>organisation intergouvernementale permanente \u00e0 permettre la r\u00e9solution de conflits.<\/strong> Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e en 1899 \u00e0 La Haye. Elle cherche <strong>des moyens pacifiques pour r\u00e9gler les conflits<\/strong>, notamment de nature juridique, entre \u00c9tats<strong>.<\/strong> Les d\u00e9cisions de la CPA ne sont cependant pas toujours accept\u00e9es par les \u00c9tats concern\u00e9s. \ud83d\ude45<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Voici <strong>quelques conflits importants <\/strong>qui existent autour des fronti\u00e8res maritimes, mais en cherchant un peu tu pourras te rendre compte qu\u2019<strong>il y en a beaucoup d\u2019autres !<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/guide-methodo-lycee\/\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-methodo-lycee.png\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-methodo-lycee.png\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-methodo-lycee.png\"\n                                    alt=\"\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Tu as du mal \u00e0 t&#8217;organiser ? T\u00e9l\u00e9charge notre guide ultime de m\u00e9thodes pour le lyc\u00e9e !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                T\u00e9l\u00e9charge ton guide\n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les conflits en mer de Chine <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La revendication des \u00eeles Spratleys et Paracels <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Les \u00eeles Spratleys et les \u00eeles Paracels, situ\u00e9es en mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale,<\/strong> sont disput\u00e9es par <strong>la Chine, Ta\u00efiwan, le Vietnam, les Philippines, la Malaisie et Brunei<\/strong>, notamment \u00e0 cause des potentiels <strong>hydrocarbures <\/strong>auxquels elles donneraient acc\u00e8s. Les <strong>ressources halieutiques<\/strong> sont \u00e9galement convoit\u00e9es, particuli\u00e8rement par les Chinois, premiers consommateurs de poisson au monde. \ud83c\udfa3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Certains \u00c9tats ne revendiquent que certains des 200 \u00eelots des Spratleys, et d\u2019autres l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019archipel. Un beau bazar !<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/ChaosGIF.gif\" alt=\"personnage dans les flammes \u00e0 cause du chaos caus\u00e9 par les fronti\u00e8res maritimes\" class=\"wp-image-260947\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Quelques autres \u00eelots sont aussi disput\u00e9s. Comprends bien : un certain nombre d\u2019entre eux sont en fait <strong>des rocs, immerg\u00e9s \u00e0 mar\u00e9e haute comme l\u2019atoll de Scarborough\u2026<\/strong> Donc inhabitables. Comme tu as pu le comprendre un peu plus haut, \u00e7a signifie qu\u2019aucun \u00c9tat ne peut r\u00e9clamer de ZEE ! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La Chine cherche donc \u00e0 les rendre habitables en y construisant des bases navales<\/strong>. Aux alentours de ces \u00eeles, des flottilles de p\u00eacheurs chinois, vietnamiens et philippins entrent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en conflit. Et il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu des morts ! \ud83d\ude14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chaque revendication s\u2019accompagne de <strong>justifications historiques<\/strong> plus ou moins solides. La Chine s\u2019est rendue sur les \u00eeles apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec des navires militaires, mais d\u00e8s 1946, les pays alentours ont fait valoir leurs droits <strong>avec des cartes et des textes anciens \u00e0 l\u2019appui.<\/strong> \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi le contr\u00f4le de la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale est si important ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le contr\u00f4le de cette mer est un enjeu majeur :<a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-mondialisation-en-asie\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"224677\"> <strong>la moiti\u00e9 du commerce maritime mondial<\/strong><\/a><strong> y transite (rien que \u00e7a !).<\/strong> La contr\u00f4ler signifie aussi contr\u00f4ler le d\u00e9troit de Malacca, et donc l\u2019acc\u00e8s principal \u00e0 l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien. \u27a1\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La Chine a d\u00e9fini <strong>une ligne, compos\u00e9e de 9 traits,<\/strong> cens\u00e9e repr\u00e9senter l\u2019aire maritime sous autorit\u00e9 chinoise et qui <strong>recouvre\u2026 90 % de la mer de Chine m\u00e9ridionale !<\/strong> La CPA a rejet\u00e9 cette d\u00e9limitation en 2016, car elle ne repose sur aucune base l\u00e9gale. Mais \u00e7a ne fait pas vraiment peur au pays, qui continue de la repr\u00e9senter sur toutes ses cartes. \u3030\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"676\" height=\"957\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg\" alt=\"fronti\u00e8res maritimes revendiqu\u00e9es en mer de chine m\u00e9ridionale\" class=\"wp-image-260945\" style=\"width:438px;height:621px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=676 676w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=212 212w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=88 88w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=192 192w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=288 288w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=262 262w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=265 265w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=42 42w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-mer-de-chine-meridionale.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>En rouge, la fameuse ligne des neuf traits<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les pays membres de l\u2019ASEAN (Association des nations d\u2019Asie du Sud-Est) concern\u00e9s par le conflit, soit les Philippines, le Vietnam, Brunei, Singapour et la Malaisie, <strong>augmentent chacun leur armement en cons\u00e9quence.<\/strong> Ils<strong> <\/strong>essaient de pr\u00e9senter un front uni face \u00e0 la pression chinoise. De leur c\u00f4t\u00e9, les \u00c9tats-Unis essaient d\u2019\u00e9tendre leur influence dans la r\u00e9gion. En somme, ce bout de mer est une v\u00e9ritable bombe pr\u00eate \u00e0 exploser\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/collier-de-perles-chine\/\">L&#8217;affirmation de la puissance chinoise #1 : La strat\u00e9gie du collier de perles \ud83d\udcff<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/puissance-chinoise-nouvelles-routes-de-la-soie\/\">L&#8217;affirmation de la puissance chinoise #2 : Les nouvelles routes de la soie \ud83c\udf0f<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/puissance-chinoise-plan-made-in-china-2025\/\">L&#8217;affirmation de la puissance chinoise #3 : Le plan \u00ab Made in China 2025 \u00bb \ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udcbb<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #2 = CPG2\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                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                        <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Simon2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Simon<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">4e ann\u00e9e de m\u00e9decine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Nicolas2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Nicolas<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">CentraleSup\u00e9lec<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&#8217;un prof particulier ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 9b5ed38b-ea2e-4d3c-a3bb-f0091c2eedd2 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont l\u00e0 pour t&#8217;aider \u00e0 progresser !<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- notionvc: 20490bdd-6579-484b-9d99-0ff0bc1aa8e7 --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La revendication de l\u2019atoll Senkaku-Diaoyu \ud83d\uddfe<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Et ce n\u2019est pas tout ! Des tensions s\u2019observent aussi <strong>avec le Japon<\/strong> en mer de Chine orientale. Les \u00eeles disput\u00e9es sont des <strong>\u00eeles inhabit\u00e9es appel\u00e9es Senkaku<\/strong>, sous contr\u00f4le japonais depuis le XIXe si\u00e8cle. Pour les m\u00eames raisons que pour les \u00eeles Paracels (commerce, p\u00eache\u2026) dont on parlait un peu plus haut, la Chine les revendique depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970 en leur donnant le nom <strong>d\u2019\u00eeles Diaoyu<\/strong> et en se basant sur des cartes anciennes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/PaperThrowingSheldonGIF.gif\" alt=\"les cartes chinoises pour prouver leur revendication des fronti\u00e8res maritimes\" class=\"wp-image-260953\" style=\"width:491px;height:314px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Clairement des preuves irr\u00e9futables<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>En 2012, le gouvernement japonais <strong>a rachet\u00e9 quelques \u00eeles \u00e0 un propri\u00e9taire priv\u00e9, <\/strong>ce qui a renforc\u00e9 les tensions. Chaque \u00c9tat affirme sa pr\u00e9sence <strong>en faisant patrouiller des navires militaires<\/strong> aux alentours. En 2022,<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/le-japon-proteste-contre-des-forages-chinois-en-mer-de-chine-orientale-20220521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>le Japon a port\u00e9 plainte contre la Chine <\/strong><\/a><strong>qui aurait construit 17 plateformes de forage<\/strong> \u00e0 l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 leurs fronti\u00e8res maritimes se superposent.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/flash-actu\/le-japon-proteste-contre-des-forages-chinois-en-mer-de-chine-orientale-20220521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le conflit autour des \u00eeles \u00c9parses <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Voil\u00e0 un conflit qui concerne directement la France ! Ces<strong> \u00eeles de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien,<\/strong> situ\u00e9es au large de Madagascar, sont <strong>sous souverainet\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise,<\/strong> mais <strong>revendiqu\u00e9es par Madagascar <\/strong>depuis les ann\u00e9es 1970. En 1979, l\u2019ONU est parvenue \u00e0 une r\u00e9solution qui demande \u00e0 la France de r\u00e9troc\u00e9der l\u2019atoll. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour l\u2019instant, les discussions sont au point mort, et la France envoie r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des militaires patrouiller sur les \u00eeles pour affirmer sa pr\u00e9sence. Ce n\u2019est pas surprenant puisqu\u2019elles ont un int\u00e9r\u00eat strat\u00e9gique : elles constituent<strong> un point d\u2019acc\u00e8s vers le canal du Mozambique.<\/strong> \ud83e\udd14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le conflit li\u00e9 \u00e0 la p\u00eache apr\u00e8s le Brexit <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Suite \u00e0 la sortie du Royaume-Uni de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, la Manche est devenue un lieu de tensions, surtout avec la France. En effet, <strong>quand les deux <\/strong>\u00c9tats <strong>\u00e9taient membres de l\u2019UE, ils pouvaient p\u00eacher librement dans les eaux de l\u2019autre. <\/strong>Mais le ratio \u00e9tait d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibr\u00e9 : les pays de l\u2019UE p\u00eachaient 8 fois plus dans les eaux britanniques que l\u2019inverse. Ces eaux sont tr\u00e8s poissonneuses, et la France y obtenait 30 % de sa p\u00eache totale. \ud83d\udc1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s le Brexit, les p\u00eacheurs europ\u00e9ens ont craint d\u2019\u00eatre compl\u00e8tement exclus de la zone. Les n\u00e9gociations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 difficiles, mais <strong>en 2020, un accord est conclu<\/strong> pour que ces p\u00eacheurs&nbsp; puissent continuer leurs activit\u00e9s dans la zone britannique, en <strong>diminuant progressivement leurs prises jusqu\u2019en 2026<\/strong>. Le souci, c\u2019est que les licences n\u00e9cessaires pour faire \u00e7a sont difficiles \u00e0 obtenir : c\u2019est v\u00e9ritablement le retour des fronti\u00e8res maritimes dans la Manche.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NotSharingGIF.gif\" alt=\"Royaume Uni qui refuse de partager son poisson\" class=\"wp-image-260954\" style=\"width:396px;height:298px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Quand l&#8217;Europe veut te prendre ton poisson<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les probl\u00e9matiques li\u00e9es aux enjeux environnementaux \ud83c\udf31<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le repr\u00e9sentant de Malte \u00e0 l\u2019ONU a propos\u00e9 le concept de \u201c<strong>patrimoine commun de l\u2019humanit\u00e9\u201d pour les espaces maritimes<\/strong> situ\u00e9s au-del\u00e0 des juridictions nationales. En clair, selon ce concept, <strong>la haute mer est la responsabilit\u00e9 de tout le monde<\/strong>. C\u2019est dans l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de la majorit\u00e9 de prendre soin des fonds marins et des ressources qui s\u2019y trouvent. Pourtant c\u2019est loin d\u2019\u00eatre aussi simple. \ud83e\udee4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploiter ou prot\u00e9ger ?&nbsp;\ud83e\udd14<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>L\u2019exploitation intensive des ressources maritimes inqui\u00e8te <\/strong>la communaut\u00e9 scientifique : environ <strong>80 millions de tonnes de poissons sont p\u00each\u00e9es chaque ann\u00e9e<\/strong>, ce qui fait craindre que les esp\u00e8ces n\u2019aient pas assez de temps pour se renouveler. Les<strong> forages des sols<\/strong> d\u00e9gradent \u00e9galement la biodiversit\u00e9, et l\u2019extraction de sable est parfois tellement intense qu\u2019elle a caus\u00e9 la disparition d\u2019\u00eeles, par exemple en Indon\u00e9sie. Par ailleurs, la circulation des<strong> bateaux p\u00e9troliers<\/strong> peut parfois conduire \u00e0 des mar\u00e9es noires. \ud83d\udea2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, le fait que <strong>la haute mer soit en dehors des juridictions nationales<\/strong> tend \u00e0 rendre les \u00c9tats moins enclins \u00e0 investir pour les pr\u00e9server. Par exemple, ce sont des ONG plus que des \u00c9tats qui cherchent \u00e0<strong> nettoyer les continents de plastiques<\/strong>, ces amas de <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/exportation-dechets-asie\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"189722\">d\u00e9chets<\/a> situ\u00e9s dans les diff\u00e9rents oc\u00e9ans du globe. Tout le monde se renvoie la balle ! <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/JobInterviewGIF.gif?func=bound&amp;w=498&amp;h=373\" alt=\"homer Simpson qui fuit ses responsabilit\u00e9s comme les Etats face \u00e0 l'\u00e9cologie\" class=\"wp-image-260955\" style=\"width:386px;height:289px\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Alors, pour pr\u00e9server certains espaces sensibles, des <strong>aires marines prot\u00e9g\u00e9es (AMP) <\/strong>ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finies. Le concept d\u2019AMP a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 lors du sommet de la terre de Rio en 1992, et elles <strong>sont de plus en plus nombreuses.<\/strong> \ud83c\udf0d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>En 2022, 33 % des eaux fran\u00e7aises sont couvertes par une AMP. <\/strong>La plus grande est la <strong>r\u00e9serve naturelle nationale des Terres australes fran\u00e7aises. <\/strong>Situ\u00e9e vers les \u00eeles Kerguelen, au nord de l\u2019Antarctique, entre le sud de l\u2019Afrique et l\u2019Australie, elle mesure <strong>1,6 millions de km\u00b2,<\/strong> ce qui en fait la 2<sup>e<\/sup> plus grande au monde. Pour prot\u00e9ger la biodiversit\u00e9, l\u2019exploitation des sols ou la p\u00eache dans les AMP est strictement r\u00e9glement\u00e9e, voire interdite. \u274c<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le d\u00e9r\u00e8glement climatique pose aussi de nouveaux enjeux : <strong>la mont\u00e9e des eaux fait dispara\u00eetre certaines structures qui marquaient la ligne de base des fronti\u00e8res maritimes<\/strong>. \u00c7a pourrait amoindrir la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de certaines revendications sur des aires maritimes ou faire bouger les fronti\u00e8res, m\u00eame si pour l\u2019instant le statu quo domine.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9wcm9mZXNzZXVycz9zaWdudXA9dHJ1ZQ==\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part&amp;#8217; global #3 = CPG3\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                        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aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 27874cb7-7cca-4c68-a2e3-ea8000cbb55b --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #48b378;\">4 points<\/span> de plus sur ta <span style=\"color: #48b378;\">moyenne<\/span> avec nos profs Sherpas ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83d\udcc8\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La question de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an arctique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais surtout, <strong>cette fonte des glaces fait na\u00eetre des convoitises sur les eaux arctiques. <\/strong>En effet, la disparition du glacier du p\u00f4le Nord pourrait <strong>lib\u00e9rer une aire de circulation et d\u2019exploitation majeure.<\/strong> La banquise n\u2019a m\u00eame pas fini de fondre, que les pays environnants sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 en train de revendiquer des ZEE ! <strong>Le Canada, la Russie, le Danemark, l\u2019Islande et la Norv\u00e8ge <\/strong>ont des c\u00f4tes qui donnent sur l\u2019oc\u00e9an Arctique, et tous demandent l\u2019extension de leur plateau. \u2194\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260956\" style=\"width:421px;height:421px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=1024 1024w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=300 300w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=150 150w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=768 768w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=125 125w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=700 700w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=272 272w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=80 80w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=288 288w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=371 371w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=265 265w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=60 60w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=120 120w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/frontieres-maritimes-arctique.png?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Cette route est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante pour<strong> la Russie et les pays d\u2019Asie du Nord-Est pour avoir un acc\u00e8s quasi direct \u00e0 l\u2019Europe,<\/strong> et inversement. Par ailleurs, cet Oc\u00e9an&nbsp; comprendrait <strong>30 % des gisements de gaz et 10 % des r\u00e9serves de p\u00e9trole de la plan\u00e8te<\/strong>, m\u00eame si c\u2019est tr\u00e8s difficile \u00e0 estimer. Le Canada revendique de larges zones comme prolongement de son plateau continental, notamment pour en faire des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es. De son c\u00f4t\u00e9, la Russie voudrait faire des passages maritimes entre certaines \u00eeles et ses terres des \u00ab eaux int\u00e9rieures \u00bb. \u00c7a lui octroierait un plus grand droit de regard sur la circulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les huit membres du <strong>Conseil de l\u2019Arctique<\/strong> (les \u00c9tats mentionn\u00e9s plus haut, ainsi que la Su\u00e8de et la Finlande) se sont engag\u00e9s en 2018 \u00e0 pr\u00e9server les ressources de la zone, mais la plupart des <strong>accords sont non contraignants.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/IWontBeDoingAnyOfThatButThankYouAlexisGIF.gif?func=bound&amp;w=498&amp;h=498\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260957\" style=\"width:304px;height:304px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Donc chacun fait ce qu&#8217;il veut ?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Le passage d\u2019un nombre croissant de navires, y compris de croisi\u00e8re, et les constructions comme celle d\u2019une centrale nucl\u00e9aire flottante russe engendrent de v\u00e9ritables <strong>pr\u00e9occupations environnementales.<\/strong> Les <strong>populations autochtones<\/strong> (Inuits du Nunavut, Samis en Norv\u00e8ge et Raipons en Russie) <strong>essaient aussi de faire valoir leurs droits <\/strong>\u00e0 g\u00e9rer et prot\u00e9ger les ressources alentour. <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Et voil\u00e0, tu as maintenant une vision plus claire sur la question complexe des fronti\u00e8res maritimes et des conflits qu\u2019elles engendrent ! Pas de doute, tu continueras \u00e0 en entendre parler dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir, alors si tu gal\u00e8res en g\u00e9ographie, n\u2019h\u00e9sites pas \u00e0 faire appel \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/geographie\">un de nos Sherpas<\/a> ! \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On esp\u00e8re que \u00e7a t\u2019as plu ! Si tu veux d\u00e9couvrir plus, viens jeter un \u0153il \u00e0 nos autres articles.&nbsp;\ud83d\udc40<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"manual-post\">\n        <div >\n                            <div class=\"manual-post__title\"><\/div>\n                        <div class=\"row\">\n                                <div class=\"col-12  col-md-4  col-lg-4\">\n                                        <div\n\n   class=\"article-card-vertical  article-card-vertical--3   \">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/fleuves-france\/\">\n            <picture>\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Fleuves-de-France.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Fleuves-de-France.jpg?func=crop&#038;w=80&#038;h=80\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article-card-vertical__image\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Fleuves-de-France.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" alt=\"Fleuves de France : caract\u00e9ristiques, r\u00f4le, risques&nbsp;\">\n            <\/picture>\n\n        <\/a>\n        <div class=\"article-card-vertical__content\">\n        <a class=\"article-card-vertical__link\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/fleuves-france\/\">\n            <h3 class=\"article-card-vertical__title\">\n                Fleuves de France : caract\u00e9ristiques, r\u00f4le, risques&nbsp;\ud83c\udfde\n            <\/h3>\n                            <div class=\"article-card-vertical__text\">\n                    La France compte plusieurs dizaines de fleuves sur son territoire\u2026 Et ils jouent un r\u00f4le important dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie (&#8230;)\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tags article-card-vertical__tags--hide\">\n                <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tag badge\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"col-12  col-md-4  col-lg-4\">\n                                        <div\n\n   class=\"article-card-vertical  article-card-vertical--3   \">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/hong-kong-chine-un-etat-deux-systemes\/\">\n            <picture>\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/hong-kong-chine-e1626700415734.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/hong-kong-chine-e1626700415734.jpg?func=crop&#038;w=80&#038;h=80\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article-card-vertical__image\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/hong-kong-chine-e1626700415734.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" alt=\"Hong Kong-Chine : la fin du &#8220;un \u00c9tat, deux syst\u00e8mes&#8221; ?&nbsp;\">\n            <\/picture>\n\n        <\/a>\n        <div class=\"article-card-vertical__content\">\n        <a class=\"article-card-vertical__link\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/hong-kong-chine-un-etat-deux-systemes\/\">\n            <h3 class=\"article-card-vertical__title\">\n                Hong Kong-Chine : la fin du &#8220;un \u00c9tat, deux syst\u00e8mes&#8221; ?&nbsp;\ud83c\udded\ud83c\uddf0\n            <\/h3>\n                            <div class=\"article-card-vertical__text\">\n                    \u201cLa r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration imp\u00e9riale\u201d (\u201cMinzu Fuxing\u201d) de la Chine, c\u2019est l\u2019id\u00e9al du \u201cp\u00e8re de la Chine moderne\u201d, Sun Yat-sen, (&#8230;)\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tags article-card-vertical__tags--hide\">\n                <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tag badge\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                <div class=\"col-12  col-md-4  col-lg-4\">\n                                        <div\n\n   class=\"article-card-vertical  article-card-vertical--3   \">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/eau-ressource-strategique\/\">\n            <picture>\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-principale-article.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-principale-article.jpg?func=crop&#038;w=80&#038;h=80\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"article-card-vertical__image\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-principale-article.jpg?func=bound&#038;w=396&#038;h=272\" alt=\"L&#8217;eau douce : une ressource strat\u00e9gique&nbsp;\">\n            <\/picture>\n\n        <\/a>\n        <div class=\"article-card-vertical__content\">\n        <a class=\"article-card-vertical__link\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/eau-ressource-strategique\/\">\n            <h3 class=\"article-card-vertical__title\">\n                L&#8217;eau douce : une ressource strat\u00e9gique&nbsp;\ud83c\udf0a\n            <\/h3>\n                            <div class=\"article-card-vertical__text\">\n                    Indispensable \u00e0 la vie et \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 des hommes, l\u2019eau est une ressource d\u2019une importance cruciale pour (&#8230;)\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tags article-card-vertical__tags--hide\">\n                <div class=\"article-card-vertical__tag badge\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;260896&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (5 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Zones et fronti\u00e8res maritimes : comment sont-elles d\u00e9limit\u00e9es ? \ud83c\udf0a&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (5 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u2019est ce qu\u2019une zone \u00e9conomique exclusive ? De quand datent les fronti\u00e8res maritimes ? Quel droit s\u2019y applique (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":260898,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,822],"tag":[770],"class_list":["post-260896","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-geographie","tag-fiche-revision"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/326"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=260896"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260896\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/260898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=260896"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=260896"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=260896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}