{"id":260287,"date":"2026-10-26T15:56:55","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T14:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=260287"},"modified":"2026-10-26T15:59:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T14:59:55","slug":"pyramide-kelsen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/pyramide-kelsen\/","title":{"rendered":"La pyramide de Kelsen : d\u00e9finition, utilisation \ud83d\udd3c"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Les pyramides tu ne les trouves pas qu\u2019en \u00c9gypte ! Savais-tu qu\u2019il en existe une, fondamentale, <strong>qui organise le droit<\/strong> : la <strong>pyramide de Kelsen<\/strong> ? Dans cet article, tu vas comprendre qui \u00e9tait Hans Kelsen, comment s\u2019empilent les \u00e9tages de la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes (Constitution, trait\u00e9s, lois, r\u00e8glements) et quels juges v\u00e9rifient que chaque r\u00e8gle respecte celle du dessus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video autoplay loop muted playsinline poster=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-1-poster.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-1.mp4\" width=\"498\" height=\"278\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 498 \/ 278;max-width:100%;width:498px;height:auto\" aria-label=\"chameau devant des pyramides mais pas celle de Kelsen\"><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Jolies pyramides mais ce ne sont pas de celles l\u00e0 dont on parle<\/em> \ud83e\udd2d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quest-ce-que-la-pyramide-de-kelsen-ou-hierarchie-des-normes\">Qu\u2019est-ce que la pyramide de Kelsen (ou hi\u00e9rarchie des normes) ?&nbsp;\ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La pyramide de Kelsen, ou hi\u00e9rarchie des normes<\/strong>, est un principe fondamental pour <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/cours\/droit\">comprendre le droit<\/a>. Chaque norme doit respecter celle du dessus. Du sommet \u00e0 la base, on trouve : la Constitution et le bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9 (la boss des boss !), les trait\u00e9s et le droit de l\u2019UE, les lois, les principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit, puis les r\u00e8glements (d\u00e9crets, arr\u00eat\u00e9s). \ud83d\udcaa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une norme est fond\u00e9e sur la validit\u00e9 de celle qui est au-dessus d\u2019elle, et elle ne peut contrevenir aux principes qui y sont d\u00e9finis. En clair, <strong>une loi ne peut \u00eatre contraire \u00e0 la Constitution,<\/strong> un r\u00e8glement ne peut \u00eatre contraire \u00e0 une loi\u2026 Sous peine d\u2019\u00eatre annul\u00e9 ou corrig\u00e9 !&nbsp;\u274c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce principe permet d\u2019<strong>organiser et de hi\u00e9rarchiser le syst\u00e8me juridique fran\u00e7ais,<\/strong> et en cas de conflit des normes, les l\u00e9gislateurs peuvent se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 cette pyramide pour \u00eatre s\u00fbrs de ce qui prime ! \ud83d\udcf6<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>L\u2019\u00c9tat l\u00e9gal et le l\u00e9gicentrisme \ud83d\udc40<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>En France, la primaut\u00e9 de la loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 un principe de base, de la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/dates-revolution-francaise\/\">R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/a> aux ann\u00e9es 1970. Cela signifie que la loi, qui est vue comme une expression de la volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale puisqu\u2019elle est vot\u00e9e par des repr\u00e9sentants \u00e9lus, est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l\u2019<strong>autorit\u00e9 supr\u00eame. <\/strong>On ne plaisante pas avec elle ! \ud83d\ude28<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est une id\u00e9e qui a notamment \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Rousseau. Par peur d\u2019un pouvoir judiciaire qui serait trop fort, les jurisprudences sont longtemps impossibles : comme l\u2019\u00e9crivait Montesquieu dans De l\u2019esprit des lois (1748), <strong>le juge doit \u00eatre \u00ab la bouche qui prononce les paroles de la loi \u00bb.\ud83d\udc69\u200d\u2696\ufe0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cet \u00c9tat l\u00e9gal <strong>a progressivement \u00e9t\u00e9 remis en cause \u00e0 partir de la Ve R\u00e9publique<\/strong>, surtout avec le contr\u00f4le constitutionnel qui est \u00e9largi par une r\u00e9forme de 1974. Les membres du <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/conseil-constitutionnel\/\">Conseil constitutionnel<\/a> peuvent donc <strong>remettre en cause la validit\u00e9 de la loi <\/strong>par rapport \u00e0 la Constitution. \ud83d\udcd5<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udcdd <strong>\u00c0 noter : une jurisprudence<\/strong> est une d\u00e9cision rendue par une juridiction qui va changer l\u2019\u00e9tat du droit. \u00c7a laisse plus de libert\u00e9 aux juges pour interpr\u00e9ter le droit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le nom vient de Hans Kelsen, fondateur de la th\u00e9orie de la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes (ou normativisme). Petite subtilit\u00e9 : Kelsen ne dessine pas de pyramide. Il parle de Stufenbau, une \u00ab construction par degr\u00e9s \u00bb, notion forg\u00e9e par le juriste autrichien Adolf Merkl, un proche de Kelsen. L\u2019image de la pyramide, popularis\u00e9e en France par la traduction de ses \u0153uvres, sert surtout \u00e0 pr\u00e9senter la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes de fa\u00e7on p\u00e9dagogique. <\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part\u2019 global #1 = CPG1\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Noemie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">No\u00e9mie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">M2 en droit \u00e0 Assas<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                 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                    <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">29\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Agathe2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Agathe<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">29\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">22\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Pierre2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Pierre<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESSEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">28\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier cours particulier est offert ! <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><!-- notionvc: 91b6b7d7-50f2-46f4-ae1f-ecbabe834aad --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles et universit\u00e9s.<!-- notionvc: 21bb66b6-b36d-4ce8-8950-173722d75a1e --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: #ffffff; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&rsquo;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mais-qui-est-hans-kelsen\">Mais qui est Hans Kelsen ? \ud83e\uddd0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"biographie\">Biographie \ud83d\uddd2\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) \u00e9tait un<strong> juriste autrichien<\/strong>, n\u00e9 \u00e0 Prague, alors ville de l\u2019Empire austro-hongrois. Apr\u00e8s la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale et la chute de l\u2019Empire austro-hongrois, il a fait partie des <strong>r\u00e9dacteurs de la Constitution autrichienne<\/strong> de 1920. Il est aujourd\u2019hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le P\u00e8re fondateur de cette constitution.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il a particip\u00e9 \u00e0 la<strong> cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une Cour constitutionnelle <\/strong>qui inspirera le mod\u00e8le europ\u00e9en de justice constitutionnelle (confi\u00e9e \u00e0 une juridiction sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e, contrairement au mod\u00e8le des \u00c9tats-Unis o\u00f9 chaque juge peut \u00e9carter une loi contraire \u00e0 la Constitution). Hans Kelsen y si\u00e9gea en tant que juge constitutionnel de 1920 \u00e0 1930. Plut\u00f4t styl\u00e9 !&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais parce qu\u2019il \u00e9tait juif, il fut oblig\u00e9 de <strong>se r\u00e9fugier \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve<\/strong> lors de l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des nazis en 1933. Il <strong>\u00e9migra aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong> en 1940, enseigna \u00e0 Harvard puis \u00e0 l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Californie \u00e0 Berkeley, o\u00f9 il mourut en 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la-theorie-pure-du-droit\">La th\u00e9orie pure du droit \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour bien comprendre la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes, il est important que tu comprennes quelle \u00e9tait la logique qui a pouss\u00e9 Hans Kelsen \u00e0 fonder ce principe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kelsen voulait <strong>construire une science du droit, qu\u2019il expose dans son grand ouvrage, Th\u00e9orie pure du droit, publi\u00e9 en 1934.<\/strong> Selon lui, le droit devait \u00eatre fond\u00e9 sur des <strong>propositions normatives<\/strong> \u00e9nonc\u00e9es<strong> <\/strong>sur un principe de rigueur et d\u2019exactitude, <strong>sans jugement subjectif<\/strong>. Le terme de droit \u00ab pur \u00bb vient donc de cette id\u00e9e de science juridique <strong>d\u00e9tach\u00e9e de toute id\u00e9ologie politique et de toute id\u00e9e de moralit\u00e9.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Du coup, le droit devrait uniquement <strong>se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer au droit positif et pas au droit naturel.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Droit positif \ud83c\udd9a droit naturel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tu parleras du droit positif pour parler <\/span><b>des normes telles qu\u2019elles sont pos\u00e9es dans les textes de loi <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">et appliqu\u00e9es par les pouvoirs publics. <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-justice-en-philosophie\/\">Le droit naturel<\/a> est, lui, ant\u00e9rieur. Il se situe au-dessus du droit positif. Il fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des droits subjectifs, li\u00e9s \u00e0 la nature humaine, et <\/span><b>qui devraient \u00eatre garantis ind\u00e9pendamment des lois en place. <\/b>Par exemple<a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/abolition-de-lesclavage-en-france\/\"> l&rsquo;esclavage a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u00e9gal en France,<\/a> alors qu&rsquo;il est intol\u00e9rable. <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On retrouve des principes tels que la dignit\u00e9 humaine, la <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/liberte-philosophie\/\">libert\u00e9<\/a>, la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019oppression\u2026 \u26d3\ufe0f<\/span><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans le raisonnement de Kelsen, <strong>les <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/les-institutions-politiques-en-france\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"225668\">institutions de l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/a> occupent une place centrale<\/strong>.&nbsp; Pour que le syst\u00e8me juridique fonctionne, il n\u2019y a pas de secret ! Il faut que la Constitution habilite <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/etat-philosophie\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"258952\">l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/a> \u00e0 mettre en place des normes et \u00e0 les faire respecter !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video autoplay loop muted playsinline poster=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-2-poster.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-2.mp4\" width=\"176\" height=\"180\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 176 \/ 180;max-width:100%;width:324px;height:auto\" aria-label=\"l'Etat fran\u00e7ais qui te met au d\u00e9fi de le provoquer\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Tu te dis peut-\u00eatre que la faille du raisonnement est que <strong>la Constitution elle-m\u00eame n\u2019est pas r\u00e9gie par une norme sup\u00e9rieure<\/strong>. C\u2019est vrai ! Pour boucler son raisonnement, Kelsen suppose l\u2019existence d\u2019une \u00ab norme fondamentale \u00bb (Grundnorm) : une norme non \u00e9crite, simplement pr\u00e9suppos\u00e9e, qui donne sa validit\u00e9 \u00e0 la Constitution. Sans ce point de d\u00e9part, tout le syst\u00e8me juridique s\u2019\u00e9croulerait.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/article-49-3\/\">La v\u00e9ritable histoire de l&rsquo;article 49-3<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/funnel-student-qualification\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/cours-particulier.jpg\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/cours-particulier.jpg\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/cours-particulier.jpg\"\n                                    alt=\"Cours particulier\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Tu gal\u00e8res en droit ? Trouve ton prof particulier chez les Sherpas !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                Choisis ton prof ! \n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la-pyramide-de-kelsen-detaillee-les-blocs-de-la-hierarchie-des-normes\">La pyramide de Kelsen d\u00e9taill\u00e9e : les blocs de la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bon c\u2019est bien joli de comprendre ce qu\u2019est la hi\u00e9rarchie des normes, mais maintenant il faudrait les voir ces fameuses normes ! La pyramide de Kelsen d\u00e9taill\u00e9e compte en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral 4 ou 5 \u00e9tages : blocs de constitutionnalit\u00e9, de conventionnalit\u00e9 et de l\u00e9galit\u00e9, principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit, puis bloc r\u00e9glementaire, qui englobe parfois les actes administratifs les moins importants.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg\" alt=\"pyramide de Kelsen\" class=\"wp-image-260325\" style=\"width:512px;height:287px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=960 960w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=300 300w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=768 768w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=200 200w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=340 340w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=396 396w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=288 288w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=610 610w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=265 265w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=504 504w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=250 250w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=392 392w, https:\/\/xapbm7c37i.cloudimg.io\/https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/hierarchie_des_normes.jpg?q=85&amp;force_format=webp&amp;org_if_sml=1&amp;w=60 60w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-bloc-de-constitutionnalite\">\u2705 Le bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tu connais la Constitution, mais est-ce que tu connais le bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9 ? Il inclut plusieurs \u00e9l\u00e9ments fondamentaux :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>La Constitution de 1958, dont les articles sont num\u00e9rot\u00e9s de 1 \u00e0 89 <\/strong>: elle organise la r\u00e9partition et l\u2019exercice des pouvoirs et comp\u00e9tences entre les institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Le pr\u00e9ambule de la Constitution de <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/ive-republique\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"189540\">1946 <\/a><\/strong>: il \u00e9nonce des droits et libert\u00e9s fondamentaux, notamment \u00e9conomiques et sociaux (droit d\u2019adh\u00e9rer \u00e0 un syndicat, droit de gr\u00e8ve, acc\u00e8s \u00e9gal \u00e0 l\u2019instruction&#8230;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>La D\u00e9claration des droits de l\u2019homme et du citoyen de 1789 :<\/strong> elle est compos\u00e9e de 17 articles qui proclament que les hommes naissent libres et \u00e9gaux en droits, \u00e9num\u00e8rent les droits naturels et imprescriptibles (libert\u00e9, propri\u00e9t\u00e9, s\u00fbret\u00e9, r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019oppression) et pr\u00e9cisent que la loi doit \u00eatre l\u2019expression de la volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>La Charte de l\u2019environnement de 2004<\/strong> : ajout\u00e9e au bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9 assez r\u00e9cemment, en 2005, cette charte montre l\u2019importance croissante des enjeux li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019environnement. La Charte \u00e9nonce les droits (de vivre dans un environnement \u00e9quilibr\u00e9, d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019information relative \u00e0 l\u2019environnement\u2026) et les devoirs li\u00e9s \u00e0 la protection de l\u2019environnement, ainsi que certains principes (de pr\u00e9caution&#8230;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les Principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la R\u00e9publique <\/strong>: au nombre de 11, ils sont issus de textes ant\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 1946. On retrouve par exemple la libert\u00e9 d\u2019association et la libert\u00e9 acad\u00e9mique.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2696\ufe0f Les principes \u00e0 valeur constitutionnelle<\/strong>, issus de jurisprudences (respect de la dignit\u00e9 humaine, de la vie priv\u00e9e&#8230;)<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Ce bloc doit beaucoup \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision Libert\u00e9 d\u2019association du 16 juillet 1971. Pour la premi\u00e8re fois, le Conseil constitutionnel a reconnu la valeur constitutionnelle du Pr\u00e9ambule de 1958, et donc des textes auxquels il renvoie, puis celle de la D\u00e9claration de 1789 le 27 d\u00e9cembre 1973. L\u2019expression \u00ab bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9 \u00bb vient de la doctrine : Claude \u00c9meri et Jean-Louis Seurin l\u2019ont propos\u00e9e en 1970, avant que Louis Favoreu ne la syst\u00e9matise.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/liberte-presse\/\">La libert\u00e9 de la presse en France<\/a><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-bloc-de-conventionnalite\">\u2705 Le bloc de conventionnalit\u00e9&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Juste en dessous, on retrouve un bloc qui touche aux textes internationaux et europ\u00e9ens ! Eh oui, il n\u2019y a pas que le droit fran\u00e7ais qui doit \u00eatre garanti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les trait\u00e9s internationaux :<\/strong> sign\u00e9s et ratifi\u00e9s par plusieurs \u00c9tats ou entit\u00e9s reconnus \u00e0 l\u2019international, ils s\u2019appliquent aux \u00c9tats et \u00e0 leurs ressortissants. Selon l\u2019article 55 de la Constitution, ils ont une autorit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des lois. Dans l\u2019ordre juridique interne, la Constitution reste toutefois au-dessus d\u2019eux, comme le montre son article 54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Le droit de <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-place-de-lue-dans-le-monde\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"226715\">l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne<\/a> <\/strong>: il s\u2019agit des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/10-dates-construction-europeenne\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"189256\">trait\u00e9s fondateurs<\/a> de l\u2019UE sign\u00e9s par les \u00c9tats membres (Trait\u00e9 de Rome, de <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/traite-maastricht\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"259913\">Maastricht<\/a>, de Lisbonne), ainsi que des d\u00e9cisions des <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/institutions-europeennes\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"257216\">institutions europ\u00e9ennes<\/a> (Commission europ\u00e9enne, Conseil de l\u2019UE, Parlement europ\u00e9en).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u26a0\ufe0f L\u2019<strong>arr\u00eat Costa c\/ Enel <\/strong>de la Cour de Justice de l\u2019UE pose le principe de primaut\u00e9 du droit de l\u2019UE dans les domaines dits communautaires (ce qui exclut notamment les domaines r\u00e9galiens tels que la d\u00e9fense nationale). Or, une d\u00e9cision du Conseil constitutionnel fran\u00e7ais affirme que c\u2019est la constitution qui prime avant tout. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a tout un d\u00e9bat autour de la question de la place du droit europ\u00e9en en France. \u2694\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc Pour info, le droit de l\u2019UE ne se limite pas aux trait\u00e9s. Les institutions europ\u00e9ennes adoptent aussi des r\u00e8glements, qui s\u2019appliquent directement dans tous les \u00c9tats membres, et des directives, qui fixent un objectif que chaque \u00c9tat atteint en les transposant dans son droit national. Les juges fran\u00e7ais font primer ces textes sur les lois, au m\u00eame titre que les trait\u00e9s, en s\u2019appuyant sur l\u2019article 55.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video autoplay loop muted playsinline poster=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-3-poster.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-3.mp4\" width=\"498\" height=\"274\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 498 \/ 274;max-width:100%;width:407px;height:auto\" aria-label=\"un minion se bat pour savoir la place de la constitution\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n<section class=\"relance\">\n        <div >\n                            <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/guide-memorisation\/\">\n                    <div class=\"relance__container\"\n                        >\n                        \n                                                        <picture>\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-memoire.png\" media=\"(min-width: 999px)\">\n                            <source srcset=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-memoire.png\" media=\"(max-width: 999px)\">\n                                <img decoding=\"async\"\n                                    src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/ebook-memoire.png\"\n                                    alt=\"\"\n                                >\n                            <\/picture>\n                                                <div class=\"relance__content\">\n                            \n                                <div class=\"relance__title\"> <p>Tu as du mal \u00e0 retenir tes notions de droit ? T\u00e9l\u00e9charge notre guide ultime \u00ab La m\u00e9moire \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <button type=\"button\"\n                                    class=\"relance__button btn btn-white\">\n                                T\u00e9l\u00e9charge ton guide\n                            <\/button>\n                        <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    \n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-bloc-de-legalite\">\u2705 Le bloc de l\u00e9galit\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce bloc se place juste sous les trait\u00e9s : d\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019article 55 de la Constitution, un trait\u00e9 r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement ratifi\u00e9 l\u2019emporte sur les lois. Les <strong>lois <\/strong>sont les r\u00e8gles de droit issues du Parlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les lois ordinaires : <\/strong>elles portent sur de nombreux domaines, vot\u00e9es par l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e et le S\u00e9nat selon la proc\u00e9dure classique.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les lois organiques :<\/strong> elles encadrent le fonctionnement des pouvoirs publics en pr\u00e9cisant ce qui est \u00e9crit dans la Constitution. C\u2019est un peu le mode d\u2019emploi des institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les lois r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaires :<\/strong> adopt\u00e9es par r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum, elles portent sur quelques domaines pr\u00e9cis (organisation des pouvoirs publics, ratification d\u2019un trait\u00e9&#8230;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les ordonnances : <\/strong>ce sont des actes qui appartiennent au domaine de la loi, mais sont issus du gouvernement. Cette comp\u00e9tence est fix\u00e9e par l\u2019article 38 de la Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apr\u00e8s le bloc de l\u00e9galit\u00e9, la pyramide inclut parfois<strong> les Principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit (PGD)<\/strong>. Ces principes non \u00e9crits, d\u00e9gag\u00e9s lors de d\u00e9cisions du<strong> Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat <\/strong>(sommet de l\u2019ordre juridictionnel administratif) ont une valeur sup\u00e9rieure aux r\u00e8glements, mais inf\u00e9rieure aux lois : on retrouve ainsi des principes d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 (devant le service public, devant l\u2019imp\u00f4t\u2026), en mati\u00e8re sociale (interdiction de licencier une salari\u00e9e en \u00e9tat de grossesse\u2026) ou encore concernant l\u2019organisation des services publics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-bloc-reglementaire\">\u2705 Le bloc r\u00e9glementaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On parle de r\u00e8glements pour d\u00e9signer <strong>les textes qui \u00e9manent du pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif. <\/strong>Selon l\u2019article 37, les mati\u00e8res autres que celles appartenant au domaine de la loi (d\u00e9finies dans l\u2019article 34) font partie du domaine du r\u00e8glement. Parmi les r\u00e8glements, on trouve :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les d\u00e9crets : <\/strong>ce sont les r\u00e8glements issus du Pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique ou du Premier ministre. Les d\u00e9crets <strong>autonomes <\/strong>sont \u00e9dict\u00e9s en dehors du domaine de la loi, et les d\u00e9crets <strong>d\u2019application <\/strong>compl\u00e8tent les lois.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2696\ufe0f <strong>Les arr\u00eat\u00e9s <\/strong>: ce sont les r\u00e8glements qui \u00e9manent des ministres, pr\u00e9fets et maires, et qui ont une valeur inf\u00e9rieure aux d\u00e9crets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"et-la-jurisprudence-dans-la-pyramide-de-kelsen\">\u2705 Et la jurisprudence dans la pyramide de Kelsen ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La jurisprudence n\u2019occupe pas d\u2019\u00e9tage \u00e0 part dans la pyramide de Kelsen. Elle regroupe les d\u00e9cisions des juges, qui interpr\u00e8tent les normes et tranchent les conflits entre elles. Son influence se voit pourtant \u00e0 tous les niveaux : les principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux du droit viennent du Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat, et le bloc de constitutionnalit\u00e9 s\u2019est construit au fil des d\u00e9cisions du Conseil constitutionnel.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"Cours part\u2019 global #3 = CPG3\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">29\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Hugo2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Hugo<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Insa Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">27\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin de cours particuliers ? <span role=\"img\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><!-- notionvc: 27874cb7-7cca-4c68-a2e3-ea8000cbb55b --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #48b378;\">4 points<\/span> de plus sur ta <span style=\"color: #48b378;\">moyenne<\/span> avec nos profs Sherpas ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83d\udcc8\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"les-controles-existants\">Les contr\u00f4les existants \ud83d\udd0e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour que cette magnifique pyramide soit bien respect\u00e9e, il faut obligatoirement qu\u2019il y ait des <strong>contr\u00f4les possibles.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En fonction des \u00e9tages, il y a 3 types de contr\u00f4les effectu\u00e9s par des institutions comp\u00e9tentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-controle-constitutionnel\">\u2705 Le contr\u00f4le constitutionnel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le Conseil constitutionnel est, comme son nom l\u2019indique, comp\u00e9tent pour v\u00e9rifier la constitutionnalit\u00e9 des trait\u00e9s et des lois.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Les trait\u00e9s internationaux <\/strong>: leur contr\u00f4le est facultatif, soit uniquement si le Conseil constitutionnel est saisi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong> Le contr\u00f4le des lois <em>a priori<\/em> <\/strong>: avant que la loi ne soit promulgu\u00e9e, le Conseil constitutionnel peut la faire annuler. Le contr\u00f4le est facultatif pour les lois ordinaires et obligatoire pour les lois organiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Le contr\u00f4le des lois <em>a posteriori<\/em> :<\/strong> pr\u00e9vu par la r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle du 23 juillet 2008 (article 61-1) et possible depuis le 1er mars 2010, il permet de contester une loi d\u00e9j\u00e0 en vigueur lors d\u2019un proc\u00e8s. Le Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat ou la Cour de cassation trient les demandes et transmettent les plus s\u00e9rieuses au Conseil constitutionnel. C\u2019est la Question Prioritaire de Constitutionnalit\u00e9 (QPC).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-controle-de-conventionnalite\">\u2705 Le contr\u00f4le de conventionnalit\u00e9&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans sa d\u00e9cision IVG du 15 janvier 1975, le Conseil constitutionnel a refus\u00e9 de v\u00e9rifier si une loi respecte un trait\u00e9. Ce contr\u00f4le de conventionnalit\u00e9 revient donc aux juges ordinaires : la Cour de cassation l\u2019exerce depuis l\u2019arr\u00eat Jacques Vabre du 24 mai 1975, et le Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat depuis l\u2019arr\u00eat Nicolo du 20 octobre 1989.<strong> \ud83e\uddd0<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"le-controle-de-legalite\">\u2705 Le contr\u00f4le de l\u00e9galit\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019un acte administratif est potentiellement non conforme \u00e0 une loi, ce sont <strong>les juridictions administratives (tribunaux administratifs, cours administratives d\u2019appel et, au sommet, le Conseil d\u2019\u00c9tat) <\/strong>qui peuvent l\u2019annuler ou l\u2019\u00e9carter dans un litige. \ud83d\udc69\u200d\u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video aligncenter\"><video autoplay loop muted playsinline poster=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-4-poster.webp\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/pyramide-kelsen-gif-4.mp4\" width=\"498\" height=\"278\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 498 \/ 278;max-width:100%;width:405px;height:auto\" aria-label=\"marionnette devant un tableau avec la pyramide de kelsen\"><\/video><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Et voil\u00e0, maintenant tu connais ta pyramide de Kelsen sur le bout des doigts ! \ud83d\udc4c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tu peux cependant noter que cette hi\u00e9rarchie des normes est <strong>remise en cause par certains. Face \u00e0 l\u2019internationalisation des enjeux<\/strong>, la primaut\u00e9 de la Constitution peut \u00eatre jug\u00e9e obsol\u00e8te. Les partisans de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne sont pour beaucoup favorables \u00e0 une sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisions de l\u2019UE sur l\u2019ensemble du droit national. \ud83c\udf0d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;260287&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;7&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;4.9&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;4.9\\\/5 - (7 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;La pyramide de Kelsen : d\u00e9finition, utilisation \ud83d\udd3c&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;139.6&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 139.6px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            4.9\/5 - (7 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les pyramides tu ne les trouves pas qu\u2019en \u00c9gypte ! Savais-tu qu\u2019il en existe une, fondamentale, qui organise (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":260293,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,830],"tag":[777],"class_list":["post-260287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-droit-2","tag-justice"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/326"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=260287"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/260287\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/260293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=260287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=260287"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=260287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}