{"id":253848,"date":"2025-12-12T11:21:27","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T10:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=253848"},"modified":"2025-12-12T11:21:33","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T10:21:33","slug":"loi-dohm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/loi-dohm\/","title":{"rendered":"La loi d\u2019Ohm : explications \ud83e\uddea"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Au coll\u00e8ge, la physique-chimie fait son apparition dans ton emploi du temps et \u00e7a peut \u00eatre le d\u00e9but du cauchemar. Derri\u00e8re cette mati\u00e8re se cachent beaucoup de choses : certes, tu abordes la physique et la chimie mais aussi l\u2019\u00e9lectronique<\/strong>. Aujourd\u2019hui, on te parle justement de la notion la plus importante<\/em> de ce domaine : la loi d\u2019Ohm<\/strong>. C\u2019est parti ! \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n

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Viens ici !<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Rappels pour comprendre la loi d\u2019Ohm \ud83d\udca1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tension, puissance et intensit\u00e9 \u26a1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Quand tu \u00e9tudies l\u2019\u00e9lectronique, certains \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont incontournables. Parmi ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments on peut citer la tension<\/strong>, la puissance<\/strong> ou encore l\u2019intensit\u00e9<\/strong>. Petit rappel de ces trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments  (n\u00e9cessaires pour comprendre la loi d\u2019Ohm) : <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 La tension<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La tension<\/a> \u00e9lectrique correspond \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence \u201cd\u2019\u00e9tat \u00e9lectrique\u201d entre deux points d\u2019un circuit. Son unit\u00e9 de mesure est le Volt et son symbole est V<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On la note <\/em>: U. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2714\ufe0f Pour mesurer la tension, on utilise le voltm\u00e8tre<\/strong>, un appareil qui t\u2019\u00e9vite de faire des calculs. Le voltm\u00e8tre se place toujours en d\u00e9rivation dans un circuit \u00e9lectrique. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 La puissance <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle correspond \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9chang\u00e9e (re\u00e7ue ou donn\u00e9e) pendant une seconde. Son unit\u00e9 de mesure est le Watt et son symbole est le P. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On la note<\/em> : P. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 L\u2019intensit\u00e9<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elle correspond \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 de vitesse du courant \u00e9lectrique qui circule en un point donn\u00e9 du circuit \u00e9lectrique. Son unit\u00e9 de mesure est l\u2019Amp\u00e8re et son symbole est I. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On la note<\/em> : I.

\u2705 Pour mesurer l\u2019Intensit\u00e9, on utilise un amp\u00e8rem\u00e8tre.<\/strong> L\u2019amp\u00e8rem\u00e8tre se place toujours en s\u00e9rie dans un circuit \u00e9lectrique. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces trois notions sont li\u00e9es entre elles par une \u00e9quation. Cette formule est \u00e0 la base de l\u2019\u00e9lectronique<\/strong>, par cons\u00e9quent, apprends-la ! \u2764\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n

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<\/div>\n
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Puissance = Tension x Intensit\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Autrement \u00e9crit : P = U x I\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 \u00c0 l\u2019aide du produit en croix, tu peux \u00e9galement \u00e9crire : <\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Formules<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

R\u00e9sistance et caract\u00e9ristique d\u2019un conducteur ohmique <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

On se rapproche maintenant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments utiles pour l\u2019application de la loi d\u2019Ohm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 La caract\u00e9ristique <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La caract\u00e9ristique d\u2019un dip\u00f4le se d\u00e9finit comme le graphique obtenu qui repr\u00e9sente les variations de la tension aux bornes de ce dip\u00f4le en fonction de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du courant \u00e9lectrique qui le traverse<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udca1 Rappel<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/p>\n

Le dip\u00f4le est un composant \u00e9lectronique qui poss\u00e8de seulement deux bornes.<\/strong>
\n\ud83d\udc49<\/strong> La premi\u00e8re borne est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9ception du courant \u00e9lectronique.
\n\ud83d\udc49 <\/strong>La seconde borne laisse sortir le courant \u00e9lectronique.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

La lampe et la pile sont des dip\u00f4les<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

Pour r\u00e9aliser la caract\u00e9ristique, il te faut mesurer la tension et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 de ce dip\u00f4le<\/strong>. Pour y arriver, tu r\u00e9alises un circuit \u00e9lectrique dans lequel tu int\u00e8gres un g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur<\/em>, un conducteur ohmique<\/em>, ainsi qu\u2019un amp\u00e8rem\u00e8tre<\/em> et un voltm\u00e8tre<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Mec
Toi qui ma\u00eetrises un peu trop l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Gr\u00e2ce au g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur, tu fais varier la tension et tu obtiens diff\u00e9rentes mesures.  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voici les valeurs obtenues ainsi que la courbe qui en d\u00e9coule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t
Tension (en V)<\/td>2<\/td>4<\/td>6<\/td>8<\/td>10 <\/td>12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intensit\u00e9 (en A) <\/td>0,02<\/td>0,04<\/td>0,06<\/td>0,08<\/td>0,10<\/td>0,12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
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\"Graphique
Graphique caract\u00e9ristique<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 Sur le graphique, tu constates que la courbe passe par l\u2019origine : la tension est proportionnelle \u00e0 l\u2019intensit\u00e9<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udca1 Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/p>\n

Seuls les conducteurs ohmiques ont une droite qui passe par l\u2019origine du graphique.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udc49 <\/strong>Le coefficient de proportionnalit\u00e9 correspond toujours \u00e0 la valeur de la r\u00e9sistance du circuit.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n

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\ud83e\uddd0 D\u00e9finition<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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R\u00e9sistance :<\/strong> Chaque dip\u00f4le poss\u00e8de une r\u00e9sistance (capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 laisser passer le courant \u00e9lectrique).<\/p>\n

Il existe aussi un dip\u00f4le que l\u2019on appellera \u201cr\u00e9sistance\u201d dont le seul but est de bloquer ou r\u00e9sister au courant \u00e9lectrique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n

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\n \n J’EN PROFITE MAINTENANT !\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

La loi d\u2019Ohm \u2728<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est \u00e0 partir des \u00e9l\u00e9ments pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents que l\u2019on peut \u00e9noncer la loi d\u2019Ohm<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Mec<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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\ud83d\udcdc \u00c9nonc\u00e9 de la loi d\u2019Ohm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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La tension aux bornes d\u2019un conducteur ohmique est proportionnelle \u00e0 l\u2019intensit\u00e9 qui le traverse<\/strong>. Le coefficient de proportionnalit\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance du conducteur ohmique.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

On peut \u00e9crire la formule suivante. Apprends-la \u2764\ufe0f : <\/p>\n\n\n\n

U = R x I <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La tension U est exprim\u00e9e en Volt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9sistance R est exprim\u00e9e en Ohm. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019intensit\u00e9 I est exprim\u00e9e en Amp\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\ud83d\udca1 Pour info<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Pour tout \u00e9tudiant en \u00e9lectronique, la loi d\u2019Ohm est extr\u00eamement importante. Elle est aussi importante que la relativit\u00e9 restreinte d\u2019Einstein <\/strong>pour les \u00e9tudiants en physique.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

De cette \u00e9quation, on peut \u00e9galement \u00e9crire gr\u00e2ce au produit en croix :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I = U \/ R <\/strong>ou R = U \/ I <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\ud83e\udd14 Qui est l\u2019inventeur de la loi d\u2019Ohm ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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La loi d\u2019Ohm a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9nonc\u00e9e par le physicien allemand qui porte son nom : Georg Ohm<\/strong> (1789 – 1854). C\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019aide de mat\u00e9riel qu\u2019il a lui-m\u00eame invent\u00e9, qu\u2019il d\u00e9couvre la relation entre courant, tension et r\u00e9sistance.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udc49 Il d\u00e9voile en 1827<\/strong> dans son livre \u201cLe circuit galvanique \u00e9tudi\u00e9 math\u00e9matiquement\u201d ce qui deviendra la loi d\u2019Ohm.<\/p>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n

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Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>

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\n \n JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

Exercice sur la loi d\u2019Ohm \ud83d\udd8a\ufe0f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Il est temps de passer \u00e0 l’application de la loi d’Ohm<\/strong>. Voici deux exercices qui te permettront de t\u2019entra\u00eener. Pour les 2  exercices, calcule la valeur demand\u00e9e. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Exercices<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Loi d\u2019Ohm exercices corrig\u00e9s \u2705<\/h2>\n\n\n
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\n \n JE PRENDS UN COURS OFFERT !\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

Comment travailler la Physique-Chimie ? \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Si tu as un peu de mal en physique-chimie, ne t\u2019inqui\u00e8te pas, ce n\u2019est pas grave. On te pr\u00e9sente plusieurs solutions pour que tu puisses progresser rapidement ! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 Exerce-toi :<\/strong> il n\u2019y a rien de mieux pour progresser que de faire des exercices. Fais-en r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement et ta progression sera rapide. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 \u00e7a, tu int\u00e9greras les formules \u00e0 conna\u00eetre par c\u0153ur. \ud83e\udd17<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 Fais des fiches :<\/strong> c’est un excellent moyen d’apprendre ton cours ! Si tu ne sais pas comment faire des fiches de r\u00e9visions, n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 regarder notre vid\u00e9o<\/a> sur le sujet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ud83d\udc49 Fais-toi accompagner par un prof particulier<\/a><\/strong> : sur Sherpas.com des perles rares sont pr\u00eates \u00e0 te venir en aide pour surmonter tes difficult\u00e9s !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tu sais maintenant tout ce qu\u2019il y a \u00e0 savoir sur la loi d\u2019Ohm. On esp\u00e8re que cet article a pu t\u2019aider si tu avais des lacunes. N\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 nous laisser un commentaire. \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n\n\n

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\n 4.1\/5 - (15 votes) <\/div>\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Au coll\u00e8ge, la physique-chimie fait son apparition dans ton emploi du temps et \u00e7a peut \u00eatre le d\u00e9but (…)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":253851,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,812],"tag":[77,770,79],"class_list":["post-253848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-physique-chimie-2","tag-college","tag-fiche-revision","tag-lycee"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/326"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253848"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253848\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/253851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=253848"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=253848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}