{"id":252840,"date":"2022-11-30T14:01:48","date_gmt":"2022-11-30T13:01:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/?p=252840"},"modified":"2024-07-31T11:26:06","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T09:26:06","slug":"article-49-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/article-49-3\/","title":{"rendered":"La v\u00e9ritable histoire de l\u2019article 49-3 \ud83d\udcdc\u200b\u200b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Le 49-3, un nom qui n\u2019inspire pas grand-chose lorsqu\u2019on l\u2019entend \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision. Et pourtant\u202f! Ce <strong>texte constitutionnel<\/strong> est loin d\u2019\u00eatre inoffensif puisqu\u2019il permet au gouvernement de faire adopter une loi ou un projet sans le vote de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e. Effarant, n\u2019est-ce pas\u202f? Bien entendu, ce n\u2019est pas tout\u2026 mais pour d\u00e9couvrir <strong>toute l\u2019histoire de l\u2019article 49-3<\/strong>, tu vas devoir nous suivre jusqu\u2019aux tribunes du gouvernement\u200b. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019origine de l\u2019article 49 alin\u00e9a 3 de la constitution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un peu de contexte historique\u200b \ud83d\udcd6<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tout commence sous <strong>la IIIe R\u00e9publique<\/strong>, r\u00e9gime r\u00e9publicain entr\u00e9 en vigueur en France de septembre 1870 \u00e0 juillet 1940. Eh oui, 70 ans quand m\u00eame !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udce2\u200b Sachant qu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 proclam\u00e9e deux jours<strong> apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite militaire de l\u2019Empire fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 Sedan<\/strong>, tu imagines bien qu\u2019\u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0 les conditions pour avoir un syst\u00e8me gouvernemental bien r\u00f4d\u00e9 n\u2019\u00e9taient pas vraiment r\u00e9unies\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour ne rien arranger, une succession de guerres a mis \u00e0 mal ce syst\u00e8me d\u00e9j\u00e0 instable. Le Parlement \u00e9tait partag\u00e9 <strong>entre des conflits <\/strong>sans merci <strong>et des partis <\/strong><strong>indisciplin\u00e9s<\/strong>. Autant te dire que ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas gagn\u00e9 !<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Exemples<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul style=\"list-style-type: square\">\n<li>1er septembre 1939 : d\u00e9but de la Seconde Guerre mondiale<\/li>\n<li>19 d\u00e9cembre 1946 &#8211; 1er ao\u00fbt 1954 : guerre d\u2019Indochine<\/li>\n<li>1er novembre 1954 &#8211; 19 mars 1962 : guerre d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Avec <strong>les guerres d\u2019Indochine et d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie<\/strong>, les dirigeants du pays sont d\u2019avis qu\u2019il faut absolument r\u00e9former les institutions pour mettre un peu d\u2019ordre dans<strong> la Constitution de 1946<\/strong>. Enfin\u2026 on le pense mais aucun projet ne se concr\u00e9tise avant la proposition de <strong>F\u00e9lix Gaillard<\/strong>, ancien pr\u00e9sident du Conseil des ministres, le 16 janvier 1958.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Que demande ce membre du Parti radical ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trois fois rien, juste <strong>une r\u00e9\u00e9criture de l\u2019article 49<\/strong> de la Constitution. ll propose ainsi :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>de retirer le vote sur<strong> la motion de confiance<\/strong>, un vote par lequel des d\u00e9put\u00e9s d\u00e9cident ou non d\u2019accorder leur confiance au gouvernement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>de s\u2019inspirer de <strong>la motion de censure constructive \u00e0 l\u2019allemande<\/strong>, une motion qui emp\u00eache toute coalition de circonstance entre des partis qui sont en d\u00e9saccord sur le nom d\u2019un nouveau chef gouvernemental<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>d\u2019avoir<strong> un nouveau pr\u00e9sident du Conseil<\/strong> constitutionnel, une institution fran\u00e7aise qui veille \u00e0 la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 des \u00e9lections nationales et des r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 En clair, F\u00e9lix Gaillard veut \u00e9viter qu\u2019un gouvernement soit renvers\u00e9 par des partis d\u2019opposition incapables d\u2019accorder leurs violons (politiquement parlant, bien s\u00fbr).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/4MHv5aIo6SI2A\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">La la la la la la la \ud83c\udfb5\u200a\ud83c\udfb6<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Comme aucune motion de censure n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9e, son gouvernement a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9. Enfin bon\u2026 pas pour longtemps puisqu\u2019il a<strong> chut\u00e9 le 15 avril<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le projet Gaillard ne respectait pas ses pr\u00e9visions et <strong>obligeait les d\u00e9put\u00e9s \u00e0 voter<\/strong> entre motion de confiance et de censure sans pouvoir s&rsquo;abstenir. Pour pallier ce probl\u00e8me, Charles de Gaulle et son gouvernement sont entr\u00e9s en action pour <strong>r\u00e9diger une nouvelle Constitution<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>Fan d&rsquo;actualit\u00e9 ? D\u00e9couvre <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/histoire-de-la-redevance-audiovisuelle\/\">la v\u00e9ritable histoire de la redevance audiovisuelle<\/a> \ud83d\udcfa<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 cet instant, tu te dis que l\u2019article 49-3 n\u2019a pas boug\u00e9 depuis les modifications du gouvernement du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Eh bien, rat\u00e9\u202f! <strong>L\u2019article 49-3 a <\/strong>en fait <strong>connu plusieurs versions<\/strong>, versions qui r\u00e9v\u00e8lent qu\u2019il est difficile de se mettre d\u2019accord au gouvernement.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Les diff\u00e9rentes versions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <ul>\n<li>la version en vigueur du 5 octobre 1958 au 5 ao\u00fbt 1995<\/li>\n<li>la version en vigueur du 5 ao\u00fbt 1995 au 1 mars 2009<\/li>\n<li>la version en vigueur depuis le 1 mars 2009<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qui a invent\u00e9 le 49-3 ? \u270d\ufe0f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Peut-on vraiment mettre un nom sur l\u2019article adopt\u00e9 en 1958\u202f? Si plusieurs personnes se sont charg\u00e9es de son \u00e9criture, l\u2019une dont le r\u00f4le a \u00e9t\u00e9 majeur est<strong> Pierre Pflimlin<\/strong>. Ce ministre d\u2019\u00c9tat qui avait impos\u00e9 la reprise du projet Gaillard a essentiellement <strong>r\u00e9dig\u00e9 la nouvelle Constitution<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"887\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252841\" style=\"width:225px;height:280px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=710 710w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=218 218w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-pierre-pflimlin.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pierre Pflimlin \u270d\ufe0f\u200a<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"357\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252842\" style=\"width:225px;height:282px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=357 357w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=217 217w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-de-Gaulle.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Charles de Gaulle \ud83e\ude96<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On pourrait penser que <strong>Charles de Gaulle<\/strong> \u00e9tait le ma\u00eetre de la r\u00e9daction puisqu\u2019il \u00e9tait \u00e0 la t\u00eate de son gouvernement, mais non\u202f! \ud83e\udd14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, m\u00eame s\u2019il \u00e9tait d\u2019accord avec <strong>la modification de l\u2019article 49<\/strong>, il attachait une importance limit\u00e9e \u00e0 la question. Ses id\u00e9es sur les r\u00e9f\u00e9rendums ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9es, il n\u2019avait s\u00fbrement plus envie de s\u2019investir \u00e0 100% dans le projet\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9jb3Vycy9zY2llbmNlcy1wb2xpdGlxdWVz\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM1 Sciences politiques\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    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class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fabien2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fabien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fanny2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fanny<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Ponts ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Louise2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Louise<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Mines ParisTech<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">18\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&rsquo;un <span style=\"color: #4cc583;\">prof particulier<\/span> de sciences politiques ? <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos Sherpas sont l\u00e0 pour t&rsquo;aider \u00e0 progresser et prendre confiance en toi !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        JE PRENDS UN COURS GRATUIT !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019article 49.3 explication simple \/ fonctionnement\u200b \ud83d\ude4f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Que dit l&rsquo;article 49.3 de la Constitution ?\u200b \ud83e\udd14<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans<strong> l\u2019article 49 alin\u00e9a 3 de la Constitution<\/strong>, il est dit que \u00ab <em>Le Premier ministre peut, apr\u00e8s d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration du Conseil des ministres, <\/em><strong><em>engager la responsabilit\u00e9 du Gouvernement<\/em><\/strong><em> devant l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale sur le vote d\u2019un projet de loi de finances ou de financement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 En d\u2019autres termes, le Conseil des ministres peut d\u00e9cider tout seul de l\u2019adoption d\u2019une loi sans forc\u00e9ment qu\u2019elle soit approuv\u00e9e par le Parlement.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/8JSPCEO7xRZIS46xLn\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Plus loin, l\u2019article pr\u00e9cise que \u00ab <em>Dans ce cas, ce projet est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme adopt\u00e9, sauf si <\/em><strong><em>une motion de censure, d\u00e9pos\u00e9e dans<\/em><\/strong><em> <\/em><strong><em>les vingt-quatre heures<\/em><\/strong><em> qui suivent, est vot\u00e9e dans les conditions pr\u00e9vues \u00e0 l\u2019alin\u00e9a pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\ud83d\udca1 Le savais-tu ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p>L\u2019article 49-3 fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 une <b>motion de censure <\/b>dite<b> \u00ab provoqu\u00e9e \u00bb<\/b>. C\u2019est une motion qui requiert la signature d\u2019un dixi\u00e8me des membres de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e. Son adoption peut entra\u00eener <b>la d\u00e9mission du Gouvernement <\/b>et le rejet du texte sur lequel le Premier ministre a engag\u00e9 sa responsabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Si cette motion peut potentiellement \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9e, elle ne l\u2019a cependant jamais \u00e9t\u00e9. <b>Depuis 1958<\/b>, la seule motion de censure \u00e0 avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e \u00e9tait une <strong>motion de censure \u00ab spontan\u00e9e \u00bb<\/strong> le 5 octobre 1962.<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e9tail qui a aussi toute son importance : la derni\u00e8re ligne de l\u2019article 49-3 stipule que \u00ab <em>le Premier ministre peut, en outre, recourir \u00e0 cette proc\u00e9dure pour <\/em><strong><em>un autre projet ou une proposition de loi par session<\/em><\/strong> \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Concr\u00e8tement, \u00e7a veut dire quoi ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eh bien, m\u00eame si le Conseil des ministres peut d\u00e9cider d&rsquo;appliquer une loi, il ne peut le faire qu\u2019une fois par session parlementaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, cet alin\u00e9a 3 concerne l\u2019engagement de responsabilit\u00e9 sur un texte qui permet au gouvernement de <strong>forcer l\u2019adoption d\u2019un texte<\/strong>. Le moyen de contrer cela (sans entrer sur le ring\u200b \ud83e\udd4a) serait que l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e adopte une motion de censure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi le 49-3 existe ?\u200b \ud83e\uddd0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019article 49-3, le Premier ministre a la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019engager la responsabilit\u00e9 du gouvernement sur le vote de plusieurs projets :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>le projet des lois de finances<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans l\u2019article 1er de la loi organique relative aux lois de finances du 1er ao\u00fbt 2001, les lois de finances \u00ab <em>d\u00e9terminent, pour un exercice (une ann\u00e9e civile), la nature, le montant et l\u2019affectation des ressources et des charges de l\u2019\u00c9tat, ainsi que l\u2019\u00e9quilibre budg\u00e9taire et financier qui en r\u00e9sulte<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?func=bound&amp;w=1024&amp;h=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252852\" style=\"width:422px;height:281px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=1920 1920w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=396 396w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-photo.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Ces lois se classent en plusieurs cat\u00e9gories :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La loi de finances initiales (LFI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les lois de finances rectificatives (LFR) ou collectifs budg\u00e9taires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La loi de r\u00e8glement, renomm\u00e9e loi relative aux r\u00e9sultats de la gestion et portant approbation des comptes de l\u2019ann\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La loi de finances de fin de gestion<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>le projet de loi de financement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale (LFSS)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette cat\u00e9gorie de loi a pour but d\u2019assurer la ma\u00eetrise<strong> des d\u00e9penses sociales et de sant\u00e9.<\/strong> Parmi ses objectifs cl\u00e9s, on retrouve l\u2019objectif national de d\u00e9penses d\u2019assurance-maladie (ONDAM).<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>Pour <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/premier-ministre-britannique\/\">tout savoir sur le Premier ministre britannique<\/a>, \u00e7a se passe par ici ! \ud83c\uddec\ud83c\udde7<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>un autre projet ou une proposition de loi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s <strong>Michel Debr\u00e9<\/strong>, l\u2019un des auteurs de la Constitution, l\u2019article 49-3 est surtout utilis\u00e9 lorsque<strong> les d\u00e9bats \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale <\/strong>n\u2019arrivent pas \u00e0 terme ou que le gouvernement veut<strong> faire passer une loi rapidement<\/strong>. Il assure en quelques sortes la stabilit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me gouvernemental \u2696\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">Une<\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">disposition<\/span> quelque peu <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">exceptionnelle<\/span> pour assurer [&#8230;] <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">le vote d\u2019un texte<\/span> indispensable.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Michel Debr\u00e9<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Premier ministre de la V\u1d49 R\u00e9publique<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 En somme, on comprend que<strong> l\u2019article 49-3 est un recours puissant<\/strong> parce qu\u2019il permet d\u2019affirmer la primaut\u00e9 de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif et d\u2019agir face \u00e0 la lenteur des prises de d\u00e9cision des d\u00e9put\u00e9s. Avec ce recours ultime, plus d\u2019h\u00e9sitation possible !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment appliquer le 49-3 ? \ud83d\udcbc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Si un Premier ministre d\u00e9cide d\u2019engager la responsabilit\u00e9 du gouvernement, une proc\u00e9dure en deux temps s\u2019enclenche :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u2019utilisation du 49-3 fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration pr\u00e9alable au Conseil des ministres<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Le projet propos\u00e9 est adopt\u00e9 sans motion de censure approuv\u00e9e dans les 24 heures<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p>Pour <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/cour-supreme-des-etats-unis\/\">tout comprendre sur la Cour Supr\u00eame des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a>, suis-nous ! \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u200bQue se passe-t-il \u00e0 l\u2019issue de la proc\u00e9dure ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2714\ufe0f \u200bDans le cas o\u00f9 la motion de censure n&rsquo;aboutit \u00e0 rien, on consid\u00e8re que le projet ou la proposition de loi est adopt\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/gb5Ew2edUemA2w1I7Q\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:323px;height:323px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Oohh yeess, we did it !<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u274c\u200b Dans le cas contraire, le texte est rejet\u00e9 et le gouvernement est renvers\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9jb3Vycy9zY2llbmNlcy1wb2xpdGlxdWVz\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM2 Sciences politiques\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Agathe2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Agathe<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emilie2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emilie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Pierre2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Pierre<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESSEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Fabien2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Fabien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n        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                                                                            <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">cours particulier<\/span> de sciences politiques est <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">offert<\/span> ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Tous nos profs sont pass\u00e9s par les meilleures \u00e9coles de France !<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J\u2019EN PROFITE !\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Combien de fois l\u2019article 49-3 a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 ?\u200b \ud83e\uddee<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette information te surprendra peut-\u00eatre (au vu de ce qu\u2019elle implique) mais l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019article 49-3 \u00e9tait assez <strong>libre jusqu\u2019en 2008<\/strong>. Si le gouvernement le voulait, il pouvait l\u2019utiliser \u00e0 volont\u00e9 pour faire adopter diff\u00e9rents textes de loi.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"you-know\">\n                <div class=\"you-know__title\"><p>\u21aa\ufe0f Exemple<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                        <div class=\"you-know__text\">\n            <p><b>Jean-Pierre Raffarin<\/b>, entre mai 2002 et mai 2005, a utilis\u00e9 <\/span><b>2 fois l\u2019article 49-3<\/b> pour faire adopter sa r\u00e9forme des modes de scrutin r\u00e9gional et europ\u00e9en et sur le projet de loi relatif aux libert\u00e9s et responsabilit\u00e9s locales favorisant la d\u00e9centralisation.<\/span><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n              <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Entre 1958 et 2017<\/strong>, on consid\u00e8re que l\u2019article 49-3 a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 <strong>89 fois<\/strong>. Le record revient \u00e0 <strong>Michel Rocard !<\/strong> \u200b\ud83c\udfc6 Au cours des trois ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 il a \u00e9t\u00e9 le Premier ministre de Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, il en a fait usage 28 fois.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/26BRut39OtycBhk9W\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:428px;height:234px\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">C&rsquo;est un peu trop quand m\u00eame&#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200a\ud83d\udc51 Parmi <strong>les <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/philippe-ii-auguste\/\">rois<\/a> de l\u2019utilisation <\/strong>de l\u2019article 49-3, on trouve :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Michel Rocard : 28 fois<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raymond Barre, Jacques Chirac et Edith Cresson : 8 fois<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pierre Mauroy : 7 fois<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u00c0 l\u2019inverse, Edouard Balladur et Edouard Philippe (d\u00e9cid\u00e9ment\u2026) l\u2019ont utilis\u00e9 une fois.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252843\" style=\"width:616px;height:462px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=363 363w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/larticle-49-3-graphique.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>On te l\u2019accorde, c\u2019\u00e9tait un peu beaucoup pour certains. C\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs pour \u00e7a que <strong>la r\u00e9vision constitutionnelle du 23 juillet 2008<\/strong> stipule que l\u2019article 49-3 ne peut maintenant \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 \u00ab <em>que pour un seul texte par session parlementaire<\/em> \u00bb (hors les projets de loi de finances ou de financement de la S\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/26n623IP22vhqd0d2\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u200bLe moins que l\u2019on puisse dire, c\u2019est que l&rsquo;article 49-3 a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus qu&rsquo;utilis\u00e9 pendant la Ve R\u00e9publique sue divers sujets :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 49.3 retraites<\/strong> : le mercredi 19 octobre 2022, c\u2019\u00e9tait la deuxi\u00e8me fois qu\u2019un gouvernement sous la pr\u00e9sidence <strong>d\u2019Emmanuel Macron<\/strong> \u00e9voquait depuis f\u00e9vrier 2020 l\u2019article 49.3 sur les retraites. Comme Manuel Valls quatre ans auparavant, <strong>\u00c9lisabeth Borne <\/strong>a utilis\u00e9 ce recours parce qu\u2019elle n\u2019avait pas la majorit\u00e9 absolue \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/os4fkOgBGIFKERNima\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\" style=\"width:434px;height:245px\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 49-3 \u00c9douard Philippe<\/strong> : \u00c9douard Philippe a aussi d\u00e9clench\u00e9 la proc\u00e9dure pour faire adopter sans vote <strong>la r\u00e9forme des retraites<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>J\u2019ai d\u00e9cid\u00e9 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">d\u2019engager<\/span> la responsabilit\u00e9 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">du gouvernement<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">\u00c9douard Philippe<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Premier ministre (2017-2020)<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 49.3 loi travail<\/strong> : le mercredi 20 juillet 2016, Manuel Valls a pour la troisi\u00e8me fois utilis\u00e9 cet article constitutionnel pour faire passer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/politique\/article\/2016\/07\/20\/loi-travail-le-gouvernement-a-une-troisieme-fois-recours-au-49-3_4972394_823448.html?dmplayersource=share-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">le projet de l\u2019article 49.3 loi travail<\/a> puisqu\u2019il n\u2019avait pas la majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1108\" src=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?func=bound&amp;w=1024&amp;h=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-252854\" style=\"width:331px;height:228px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=1600 1600w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=393 393w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=320 320w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=576 576w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=940 940w, https:\/\/adymrxvmro.cloudimg.io\/v7\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/article-49-3-Manuel-Valls.jpg?w=1080 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Manuel Valls<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 49.3 Macron<\/strong> : le jeudi 9 juillet 2015, Manuel Valls a eu recours pour la troisi\u00e8me fois (oui, encore) \u00e0 l\u2019article 49-3 afin de faire passer <strong>la loi Macron pour la croissance<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 49.3 S\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale<\/strong> : le vendredi 25 novembre 2022, la Premi\u00e8re ministre a utilis\u00e9 pour la <strong>sixi\u00e8me<\/strong> <strong>fois<\/strong> cette arme constitutionnelle afin d&rsquo;obtenir le budget voulu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\ud83d\udc49 Si ce recours ultime semble en apparence id\u00e9al pour r\u00e9agir face \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00e9sitation de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale, il a pourtant \u00e9t\u00e9 vivement critiqu\u00e9 par de nombreux politiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fran\u00e7ois Hollande<\/strong>, par exemple, alors premier secr\u00e9taire du Parti socialiste, pointait d\u00e9j\u00e0 du doigt en 2006 l\u2019utilisation excessive de l\u2019article 49-3.<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"citation\">\n        <q class=\"citation__text\"><p>Le 49.3 est <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">une brutalit\u00e9<\/span>, le 49.3 est <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">un d\u00e9ni de d\u00e9mocratie<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/q>\n\n                    <div class=\"citation__infos  citation__infos--full \">\n                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-name\">Fran\u00e7ois Hollande<\/p>\n                                                    <p class=\"citation__infos-job\">Ancien pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise<\/p>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/section>\n\n\n\n<p>Avec cet article constitutionnel, les gouvernements fran\u00e7ais de la Ve R\u00e9publique disposent d\u2019un outil puissant pour <strong>contraindre l\u2019adoption d\u2019un texte et mettre fin aux d\u00e9bats des parlementaires<\/strong>. Un outil puissant, certes, mais un outil qui fait peur \ud83d\ude28<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.giphy.com\/media\/3oKIPoZniJ2hq8IItG\/giphy.gif\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Un d\u00e9put\u00e9 fuyant une motion de censure&#8230;<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>L\u2019article 49-3 appara\u00eet souvent comme <strong>une menace \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie <\/strong>en raison de ses grands pouvoirs. M\u00eame lorsque le Parlement est r\u00e9ticent par rapport \u00e0 une loi propos\u00e9e, l\u2019adoption du 49-3 peut changer la donne ! Qui aurait cru qu\u2019un simple texte aurait autant de poids\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un quiz, \u00e7a te tente ?\u200b \ud83d\ude03<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<style>@media screen and (max-width: 640px){#og_iframe{height: 500px;width:100%;}}@media screen and (min-width: 641px) and (max-width: 1024px){#og_iframe{height: 500px;width:100%;}}@media screen and (min-width: 1025px){#og_iframe{height: 500px;width:100%;}}<\/style><div id='og_iframe' style='-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; overflow: auto;'><iframe title=\"Tout savoir sur larticle 49-3\" src='https:\/\/lessherpas.outgrow.us\/66a8f5e6b3e43841d6eb63e9?custom=1' style='border: none; overflow: hidden; width:100%; height: calc(100% - 31px);' scrolling='yes' allow=\"camera *;\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alors, tu es le ma\u00eetre de l&rsquo;Assembl\u00e9e ?\u200b \ud83d\udc68\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83d\udcbc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Maintenant que tu connais <strong>la v\u00e9ritable histoire de l\u2019article 49-3<\/strong>, tu n\u2019as plus qu\u2019\u00e0 te plonger dans la lecture de notre ch\u00e8re Constitution fran\u00e7aise. Prends ta plus belle loupe et passe au peigne fin tous ses textes pour trouver lequel est le plus d\u00e9lirant\u202f! Et peut-\u00eatre qu\u2019un jour, qui sait, tu seras toi aussi sur une tribune du gouvernement \ud83d\udd0d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;252840&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;89&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;4.4&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;4.4\\\/5 - (89 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;La v\u00e9ritable histoire de l\u2019article 49-3 \ud83d\udcdc\u200b\u200b&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;125.1&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 125.1px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            4.4\/5 - (89 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le 49-3, un nom qui n\u2019inspire pas grand-chose lorsqu\u2019on l\u2019entend \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision. Et pourtant\u202f! Ce texte constitutionnel (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":252850,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,824],"tag":[358,746,375],"class_list":["post-252840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-sciences-politiques","tag-france","tag-la-veritable-histoire","tag-politique"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/329"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=252840"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252840\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/252850"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=252840"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=252840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}