{"id":189277,"date":"2020-04-14T13:35:07","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T11:35:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/concurrence-esh-definition\/"},"modified":"2024-08-29T00:42:49","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T22:42:49","slug":"concurrence-esh-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/concurrence-esh-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Tour d\u2019horizon de la concurrence en \u00e9conomie\/ESH (classique, n\u00e9oclassique, Schumpeter, Hayek) \ud83c\udf93"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>La question de la concurrence n\u2019est abord\u00e9e qu\u2019assez rarement de mani\u00e8re directe \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9crit du concours, on pourra citer notamment le sujet ESCP 2017 (\u201cLe bon fonctionnement du march\u00e9 justifie-t-il l\u2019intervention de l\u2019\u00c9tat\u201d) ESCP 2015 (\u201cLa concurrence est-elle le v\u00e9ritable moteur de la croissance\u201d), ESCP 2006 (\u201cLa concentration industrielle est-elle un obstacle \u00e0 la concurrence ?\u201d) ou encore ESSEC 2011 (\u201cFaut-il combattre les monopoles ?\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u2019est plus indirect).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On te l&rsquo;accorde, \u00e7a peut tomber mais ce n&rsquo;est pas un th\u00e8me tr\u00e8s fr\u00e9quent. Pour autant,<strong> c\u2019est une notion qu\u2019on retrouve dans plein de chapitres du programme donc il est tr\u00e8s utile de la ma\u00eetriser !<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Le commerce international<\/strong> (la nouvelle th\u00e9orie du CI avec Krugman, Brander, Helpman, Spencer, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Le r\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/strong> (la r\u00e9glementation et la d\u00e9r\u00e9glementation des march\u00e9s)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Le d\u00e9veloppement avec le consensus de Washington<\/strong> (cf J. Williamson)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>La firme<\/strong> (graphique du monopole, cartels, ententes)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Et tr\u00e8s honn\u00eatement, il n\u2019y a pas 36000 th\u00e9ories sur le sujet. Allez, en avant ! \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la-concurrence-selon-les-classiques\">La concurrence selon les classiques \ud83c\udfdb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-les-conditions-de-la-concurrence-naissent-sous-la-plume-dadam-smith\">A. Les conditions de la concurrence naissent sous la plume d\u2019Adam Smith ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La concurrence c\u2019est un concept un peu lointain: pour Mark Blaug (<em>\u00ab La pens\u00e9e \u00e9conomique \u00bb<\/em>, 1998), c\u2019est dans les <em>\u201cRecherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations\u201d<\/em> (1776) d\u2019Adam Smith que l\u2019on retrouve la majorit\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui constitueront, un si\u00e8cle plus tard, la concurrence pure et parfaite telle que formalis\u00e9e par Frank Knight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Smith \u00e9non\u00e7ait d\u00e9j\u00e0 quatre des principes de la CPP (atomicit\u00e9, libre entr\u00e9e et sortie, mobilit\u00e9 des facteurs de production, transparence de l\u2019information).<\/strong> Il soulignait notamment qu\u2019un offreur ne pouvait \u00eatre price maker sous les conditions de la libre concurrence et que cette \u201clibre concurrence\u201d permettait l\u2019allocation optimale des ressources, ce qui maximise le bien-\u00eatre des individus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-cest-la-libre-concurrence-qui-permet-dobtenir-une-organisation-harmonieuse-de-leconomie-cest-la-main-invisible-de-smith\">B. C\u2019est la libre concurrence qui permet d\u2019obtenir une organisation harmonieuse de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, c\u2019est la \u201cmain invisible\u201d de Smith \ud83e\udd1a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00ab En dirigeant cette industrie de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que son produit ait le plus de valeur possible, chaque individu ne pense qu\u2019\u00e0 son propre gain ; en cela, comme dans beaucoup d\u2019autres cas, il est conduit par une main invisible \u00e0 remplir une fin qui n\u2019entre nullement dans ses intentions (\u2026) Tout en ne cherchant que son int\u00e9r\u00eat personnel, il travaille souvent d\u2019une mani\u00e8re bien plus efficace pour l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, que s\u2019il avait r\u00e9ellement pour but d\u2019y travailler. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pour \u00eatre bref, la \u00ab Main invisible \u00bb, c\u2019est la m\u00e9taphore d\u2019un march\u00e9 fonctionnant parfaitement<\/strong> et elle fonctionne comme suit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Il y a une <strong>recherche de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat personnel<\/strong> (\u00e9go\u00efsme) sous la pression de la concurrence<\/li>\n<li>En cons\u00e9quence, <strong>les int\u00e9r\u00eats convergent<\/strong>s<\/li>\n<li>On converge ainsi vers <strong>l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat et le bien-\u00eatre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Et c\u2019est <strong>la main invisible qui r\u00e9alise cette ad\u00e9quation entre les int\u00e9r\u00eats personnels<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Simple as that !<br \/><br \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mais Smith n\u2019a pas formalis\u00e9 la CPP : il faudra attendre le d\u00e9but du XXe si\u00e8cle avec les travaux de Frank Knight pour l\u2019avoir, cette formalisation pure repose sur deux conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Un prix unique pour chaque bien<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les offreurs et demandeurs de biens sont \u201cprice taker\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM1 Economie\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Agathe2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Agathe<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Lyon<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">19\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Martin2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Martin<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">23\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Emma2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Emma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Dauphine<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">15\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Antoine2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Antoine<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">18\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Victor2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Victor<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESCP<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Sophie2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Sophie<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Bordeaux<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">12\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Olivier2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Olivier<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">La Sorbonne<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">13\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Besoin d&rsquo;un <span style=\"color: #4cc583;\">prof particulier<\/span> d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie ? <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\u2728\">\u2728<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Nos Sherpas sont l\u00e0 pour t&rsquo;aider \u00e0 progresser et prendre confiance en toi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        PRENDRE UN COURS OFFERT\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la-cpp-et-sa-formalisation-par-les-neoclassiques-concurrence-pure-et-parfaite\">La CPP et sa formalisation par les n\u00e9oclassiques (concurrence pure et parfaite) \ud83c\udf93<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est Frank Knight (<em>\u00ab Risk, Uncertainty and Profit \u00bb<\/em>, 1921) qui fait la premi\u00e8re formalisation de la CPP, elle repose sur cinq conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L\u2019atomicit\u00e9 du march\u00e9<\/strong> : Tout un ensemble d\u2019acheteurs et de vendeurs, et leur d\u00e9cision n\u2019a pas d\u2019influence sur les prix.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 du produit<\/strong> : Toutes les entreprises proposent un produit similaire (caract\u00e9ristiques, performances, image)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Libre entr\u00e9e\/sortie du march\u00e9<\/strong> : l&rsquo;inexistence de barri\u00e8res (r\u00e9glementaire, g\u00e9ographique, technique, strat\u00e9gique cf. ententes et cartels, etc.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mobilit\u00e9 des facteurs de production<\/strong> : Il y a une abondance des facteurs travail et capital, ils se dirigeront toujours vers les secteurs o\u00f9 ils seront le mieux r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s. Les entreprises peuvent donc changer librement d\u2019activit\u00e9, et ce changement d\u2019activit\u00e9 est fonction du taux de profit (s\u2019il est \u00e9lev\u00e9, les entreprises vont se ramener vers le secteur en question, ce qui accro\u00eet la concurrence, etc..)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transparence de l\u2019information<\/strong> : L\u2019information est disponible \u00e0 tous en tr\u00e8s bonne qualit\u00e9 (ex: composants, quantit\u00e9, etc.), donc les agents (offreurs, demandeurs) ont tous une tr\u00e8s bonne connaissance du march\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Un march\u00e9 respectant les hypoth\u00e8ses de la concurrence pure et parfaite permet \u00e0 la collectivit\u00e9 d\u2019atteindre simultan\u00e9ment un \u00e9quilibre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et un optimum au sens de Pareto, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la meilleure allocation des ressources possibles selon Walras (\u201c\u00c9l\u00e9ments d\u2019\u00e9conomie politique pure\u201d, 1874)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Graphique: le march\u00e9 en CPP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/graphique-marche\u0301-en-cpp.png\" alt=\"graphique marche\u0301 en cpp\" class=\"wp-image-47080\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Explication<\/strong> : Sur tout type de march\u00e9, il y aura une courbe d\u2019Offre (Supply) croissance du prix et une courbe de Demande (Demand) d\u00e9croissante du prix. La rencontre de ces deux courbes aboutit \u00e0 un \u00e9quilibre \u00e0 condition que les prix soient flexibles et que les conditions de la CPP soient respect\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le parach\u00e8vement de cette th\u00e9orie est r\u00e9alis\u00e9 avec les travaux de K. Arrow et G. Debreu (<em>\u00ab Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy \u00bb<\/em>, 1954) qui constituent la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9monstration moderne d\u2019existence d\u2019un \u00e9quilibre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Avec une l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se de CPP, et d\u2019existence de march\u00e9 pour tout type de bien, ils d\u00e9montrent l\u2019existence d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme de prix \u00e9galisant simultan\u00e9ment offre et demande sur tous les march\u00e9s !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mais attention ! Walras n\u2019a jamais dit que son mod\u00e8le \u00e9tait \u00e0 suivre, <strong>la CPP et l\u2019\u00e9quilibre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral c\u2019est beau sur le papier mais c\u2019est \u00e7a son probl\u00e8me: c\u2019est trop th\u00e9orique, dans la vie r\u00e9elle on est jamais dans ce genre de situation.<\/strong> Walras le reconna\u00eet lui-m\u00eame, il dit d\u2019ailleurs \u00ab un \u00e9tat id\u00e9al et non r\u00e9el ; mais c\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9tat normal en ce sens que c\u2019est celui vers lequel les choses tendent d\u2019elles-m\u00eames sous le r\u00e9gime de la libre concurrence appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la production comme \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9change \u00bb Walras (\u00ab Th\u00e9orie math\u00e9matique de la richesse sociale \u00bb, 1883)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il y a <strong>beaucoup de limites<\/strong>, on peut citer notamment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Un \u00e9quilibre peut se former sur un march\u00e9 sans qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019un \u00e9quilibre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/strong>, cela est li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019existence d\u2019une rigidit\u00e9 (par exemple un prix qui reste bloqu\u00e9), <strong>on parle dans ce cas d\u2019un \u00e9quilibre \u00e0 prix fixe<\/strong> ou non-walrasien selon l\u2019\u00e9cole du d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre (Clower, Leijonhufvud)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sur certains march\u00e9s, il peut y avoir une volatilit\u00e9 des prix<\/strong> telle qu\u2019on ne peut arriver \u00e0 une situation d\u2019\u00e9quilibre (l\u2019offre et la demande varient beaucoup, il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019ajustements). C\u2019est notamment le cas du march\u00e9 des produits agricoles selon Ezekiel (<em>\u00ab The Cobweb theorem \u00bb<\/em>, 1937-1938)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<section class=\"push \">\n        <div >\n            \n                                                <div class=\"push__container  qcd\" data-target=\"_self\" data-qcd=\"aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGVycGFzLmNvbS9mdW5uZWwtc3R1ZGVudC1xdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9u\" data-banner=\"2\" data-name=\"CPM2 Economie\" style=\"background-color: #F3FBF7\" >\n                                                                        <div class=\"push__teachers\">\n    <div class=\"d-flex justify-content-center d-md-none\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\" alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper\">\n        <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Pierre2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Pierre<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ESSEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">16\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Alma2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Alma<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris-Saclay<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">24\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Cle\u0301mence2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Cl\u00e9mence<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">HEC Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Bastien2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Bastien<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Polytechnique<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">26\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jade2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jade<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Sciences Po Paris<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">21\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Thibault2x.png);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Thibault<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">ENS Paris Ulm<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">20\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Jeanne2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">Jeanne<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">17\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                                            <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n                    <div class=\"push__teachers-card\">\n                        <div\n                            class=\"push__teachers-profil\"\n                            \n                            style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/sherpas.com\/content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/David2x.jpg);\"\n                        >\n                    <\/div>\n                         <p class=\"push__teachers-name\">David<\/p>                          <p class=\"push__teachers-school\">EDHEC<\/p>                                                     <div class=\"push__teachers-note\">\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                                    <svg  class=\"active\" >\n                                        <use\n                                            xlink:href=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/sprite.svg#star\"\/>\n                                    <\/svg>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                 <p class=\"push__teachers-price\">25\u20ac\/h<\/p>                     <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"push__content\">\n                                                            <div  class=\"d-none d-md-block\" >\n                                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"push__logo\" src=\"\/content\/themes\/sherpas-theme\/dist\/images\/logo.svg\"\n                                        alt=\"Logo Sherpas\">\n                                <\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__title\"><p>Ton premier <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">cours particulier<\/span> d&rsquo;\u00e9conomie est <span style=\"color: #4cc483;\">offert<\/span> ! <span role=\"image\" aria-label=\"\ud83c\udf81\">\ud83c\udf81<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                                                        <div class=\"push__text\"><p>Fais-toi guider par un \u00e9tudiant pass\u00e9 par une des meilleures \u00e9coles de France.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                                                        <div class=\"push__promo-button   \">\n                                                                                                    <div\n                                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                                        style=\"color: ; border-color: ; background-color: \"\n\n                                    >\n                                        J&rsquo;EN PROFITE MAINTENANT\n                                    <\/div>\n                                                            <\/div>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la-concurrence-est-un-processus-dynamique\">La concurrence est un processus dynamique \ud83d\udeeb<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lapproche-realiste-de-schumpeter-ou-schumpi-pour-les-intimes\">L\u2019approche r\u00e9aliste de Schumpeter (ou Schumpi pour les intimes ?)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Schumpeter (<em>\u00ab Capitalisme, Socialisme et D\u00e9mocratie \u00bb<\/em>, 1942) consid\u00e8re davantage la concurrence en tant que processus qu\u2019en tant qu\u2019\u00e9tat, et ce processus est li\u00e9 \u00e0 la destruction cr\u00e9atrice.<\/strong> Ce processus est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un changement constant des produits, et c\u2019est ce changement continu qui permet le dynamisme \u00e9conomique<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00ab Dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 capitaliste, distingu\u00e9e de son image dans les manuels, la seule concurrence qui compte ne porte pas sur les prix, mais sur les nouveaux produits, les nouvelles techniques, les nouvelles sources de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, le nouveau type d\u2019organisation \u2013 la concurrence qui explique la recherche d\u2019un avantage d\u00e9cisif de co\u00fbt ou de qualit\u00e9 et qui ne touche pas \u00e0 la marge les profits et la production des firmes existantes mais leur fondation et leur suivie m\u00eame. Ce type de concurrence est beaucoup plus efficace que l\u2019autre (\u2026) : c\u2019est le puissant levier qui \u00e0 long terme fait augmenter la production et baisser les prix. \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Joseph Schumpeter, <em>\u00ab\u00a0Capitalisme, socialisme et d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, 1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La concurrence est encore ici un processus dynamique qu\u2019engendre la libert\u00e9 d\u2019entreprendre.<\/strong> L\u2019approche de Schumpeter a inspir\u00e9 de nombreux auteurs de la \u00ab nouvelle \u00e9conomie industrielle \u00bb (Baumol, Schmalensee, Dixit, etc\u2026), en particulier Baumol et sa th\u00e9orie des march\u00e9s contestables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour Baumol, Panzar et Willig (<em>\u201cContestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure\u201d<\/em>, 1982), s\u2019il existe une concurrence potentielle (des entreprises peuvent entrer sur le march\u00e9 et produire), cela pousse une <strong>firme install\u00e9e en monopole sur le march\u00e9 \u00e0 se comporter comme si elle \u00e9tait en CPP<\/strong>. La condition d\u2019une <strong>concurrence potentielle reste la seule libre-entr\u00e9e et sortie sur le march\u00e9 et qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait pas de co\u00fbts irr\u00e9cup\u00e9rables<\/strong> (\u00ab sunk costs \u00bb). L&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre du march\u00e9 s\u2019\u00e9tablit alors \u00e0 un prix \u00e9quivalent \u00e0 celui de la CPP, car on a affaire \u00e0 un monopole qui ne r\u00e9alise pas de profit (comme toute firme en CPP), <strong>le monopole est dit alors contestable<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Graphique : Le monopole contestable<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/graphique-monopole-contestable.png\" alt=\"graphique monopole contestable\" class=\"wp-image-47081\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Explication :<\/strong> L\u2019existence sur un marche d\u2019un profit anormal P1P2A (monopole) am\u00e8ne des concurrents potentiels qui veulent se l\u2019accaparer, la firme en est consciente et elle va donc diminuer son prix \u00e0 P1 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que le profit soit nul pour dissuader les entreprises d\u2019entrer, elle se retrouve donc en situation de CPP (aucun profit)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lapproche-hayekienne\">L\u2019approche Hayekienne ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hayek (<em>\u00ab The Use of Knowledge in Society \u00bb<\/em> in American Economic Review, 1945) <strong>consid\u00e8re que les march\u00e9s sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par une imperfection de l\u2019information mais qu\u2019ils restent le lieu o\u00f9 l\u2019allocation des ressources sera la plus optimale<\/strong>. En effet, en supposant l\u2019existence d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de prix libre (<em>\u00ab free price system \u00bb<\/em>), cela permettra la coordination \u00e9conomique des individus via les signaux-prix (<em>\u00ab price signals \u00bb<\/em>) que les prix transmettent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En clair: le prix \u00e7a transmet une info (sa valeur, son utilit\u00e9) et en fonction de son co\u00fbt et de l\u2019utilit\u00e9 que je peux en retirer, \u00e7a m\u2019aide \u00e0 \u00e9valuer la quantit\u00e9 dont j\u2019ai besoin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce syst\u00e8me de prix <em>\u00ab s&rsquo;il est utilis\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e, il incite chaque membre de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, tout en recherchant son propre b\u00e9n\u00e9fice, \u00e0 faire ce qui est dans l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat social g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00bb<\/em> (A.P. Lerner, 1944)<\/p>\n\n\n<section class=\"read-also\">\n    <p class=\"read-also__title\">\u00c0 lire aussi<\/p>\n            <div class=\"read-also__list\">\n            <p><strong data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">Tu veux progresser en \u00e9co ou en pr\u00e9pa HEC, voil\u00e0 notre panoplie d\u2019articles pour y parvenir \u2728?<br data-rich-text-line-break=\"true\" \/>\u2705 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/la-dissertation-esh-methode-complete\/\">M\u00e9thode de la Dissertation d&rsquo;ESH<\/a> ?<br data-rich-text-line-break=\"true\" \/>\u2705\u00a0 Ou ici, tu peux d\u00e9couvrir toutes nos <a href=\"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/tag\/prepa-hec\/\">m\u00e9thodes pour la Pr\u00e9pa HEC<\/a> ?\ufe0f\u200d\u2642\ufe0f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-center kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;189277&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Tu as aim\u00e9 cet article ?&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (2 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Tour d\u2019horizon de la concurrence en \u00e9conomie\\\/ESH (classique, n\u00e9oclassique, Schumpeter, Hayek) \ud83c\udf93&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (2 votes)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La question de la concurrence n\u2019est abord\u00e9e qu\u2019assez rarement de mani\u00e8re directe \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9crit du concours, on pourra (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":159,"featured_media":163419,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"category":[803,826],"tag":[78,343],"class_list":["post-189277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-apprendre-matiere","category-ses-economie-esh","tag-prepa","tag-prepa-hec"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/189277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/159"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=189277"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/189277\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/163419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=189277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=189277"},{"taxonomy":"tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sherpas.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tag?post=189277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}